It evaluates empirical evidence on the impact of race, gender, and ethnicity on the behavior of legislators. ), Has liberalism failed women? Citing Literature. The Effects of Descriptive Representation on Interpersonal Relations. 3. Convenience Sampling Defined: Pros & Cons. For example, although more than half the U.S. population is female, only 20 percent of Congress is. Required fields are marked *. Bone conduction headphones have many pros, including no ear wax build-up or infections, and they can be helpful for people with tinnitus. Professionals often use descriptive statistics to communicate simple trends within a data set. suggest descriptive representation leads to substantive representation in Congress. Main Research Question. Norsk Statsvitenskaplig Tidsskrift, 13(3). Descriptive studies include case reports, case-series, qualitative studies and surveys (cross-sectional) studies, which measure the frequency of several factors, and hence the size of the problem. Rallies and protests have emerged from incidents that dealt with racial profiling. Toggle navigation. Lovenduski, J. Signs, 19(3), 630657. Pros and Cons of Descriptive Research. Explaining Ethnic Minority Preferences in Bulgarian Elections, Descriptive Representation: Understanding the Impact of Identity on Substantive Representation of Group Interests, Politics at the Intersection: A Cross-National Analysis of Minority Women's Legislative Representation, Electoral Systems and Citizen-Elite Ideological Congruence, Womens Representation via Parliamentary Questions (with Sven Schiltz), Regendering party politics: An introduction, Religious Identity and Descriptive Representation, THE STATE OF DEMOCRACY AND REPRESENTATION IN AUSTRALIA, Voting Locally Abstaining Nationally: Descriptive Representation, Substantive Representation and Minority Voters Turnout, Activating Human Rights and Peace: Universal Responsibility Conference 2008 Conference Proceedings, Personal Attributes and Latino Voting Behavior in Congress, Between Science and Engineering: Reflections on the APSA Presidential Task Force on Political Science, Electoral Rules, and Democratic Governance. Many advances in womens rights have been the result of womens greater engagement in politics and representation in the halls of government, especially since the founding of the National Organization for Women in 1966 and the National Womens Political Caucus (NWPC) in 1971. I was taught to never judge someone by how they look but upon their actions. Voice, trust, and memory: Marginalized groups and the failings of liberal representation. This at times has started a great racial tension which has been negative but, shows some of the true colors of American which I feel is greatly needed. PR potentially offers greater and more-representative choice for voters. Stetson, D., & Mazur, A. G. (1995). In each case, we find that in a given Congress, legislators are around 6-9 percentage points more likely to contact federal agencies on behalf of constituents with whom they share background char-acteristics, when compared to their nonveteran, male, or white . Pros & Cons of Existential Counseling . Swiss-Subsaharan Africa Migration Inaugural call, https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007123404000134, Swiss Forum for Migration and Population Studies. Thirdly, results of this research can change over the period of time. https://thenounproject.com/term/share/7671/, CC BY. When on the institution site, please use the credentials provided by your institution. This forces the government to dissolve the coalition. Race itself was never something I viewed another, in the way women are portrayed in modern culture and society. https://doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-51765-4_5, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-51765-4_5, Publisher Name: Palgrave Macmillan, London, eBook Packages: Social SciencesSocial Sciences (R0). In the end, there is however a set of remaining pro arguments suggesting that descriptive representation produces some exclusive benefits. Political liberalism. All names, acronyms, logos and trademarks displayed on this website are those of their respective owners. Four of those types include tables, bar graphs, line graphs and pie charts. The closer assessment of pros and cons will however vary with normative position and more specifically with which conceptions of democracy and equality one subscribes to. The closest comparative system would be the representative republic, such as used in the United States. ), Representation and redistricting issues. Cambridge, MA: Cambridge University Press. Women, policy and politics: The construction of policy problems. Creating a list that details both sides of the argument makes it easier to visualize the potential impact of your decision. Making your pros and cons list objectively can help weigh each pro and con against the others. systems than the old and traditional ones (Tawil, 2002). 2. In some cases, representation can seem to have very little to do with the substantive issues representatives in Congress tend to debate. Oxford: Polity Press. Namely, the institutional design of the state legislature matters in terms of electoral responsiveness, with Florida and New Mexico the most responsive, and New York and the U.S. House the least responsive to the election of Latino legislators. In Atlanta, there are many places to go and sights to see such as: Cola-cola factory, Cabbage Patch Kids Factory, Under Ground Mall, the Zoo, Atlanta Braves Stadium, Six Flags Over Georgia, Stone Mountain Park, and the Atlanta Aquarium, are all in or near the city of Atlanta. These are part of business analytics, which extract value from your business data. An innovative research tool, descriptive research is used by researchers as an opportunity to fuse both quantitative and qualitative data to reconstruct the "what is" of a topic. Sex and social justice. It is complicated: One of the major draw back of this system is that it is too confusing. The research can utilize methods such as surveys, observation, field experiments, interviews and number analysis. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Justice and the politics of difference. Cons are arguments against it. 2023 Springer Nature Switzerland AG. Source publication Pros, Cons, and Changing Behavior: An. 1. The purpose of descriptive research, aside from describing a certain population or situation, is to know the basic knowledge of a study. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. (1999). (Eds. Although the federal government of the United States is said to strive to construct a homogeneous nation when it comes to equal rights and opportunities for its citizens in different states and cities, there have been numerous historical occurrences that demonstrate opposing aims. Hence, the debate about descriptive representation is clearly in need of a more contextualized assessment of its pros and cons. Horizontal Communication There are, however, practical limitations to including different groups and subgroups in legislatures. For full access to this pdf, sign in to an existing account, or purchase an annual subscription. nicknames with honey in them; westminster college wrestling; how do cat cafes pass health inspections; arcadia edu audio tour; karns supermarket weekly ads Representing Diversity. Do not use an Oxford Academic personal account. 6. As graphical representations are exhibited through numerical figures, tables, or graphs, it usually involves fewer errors and mistakes. Wagle Estate, Thane-400604, Maharashtra, India. PubMedGoogle Scholar, Uni Research Rokkan Centre, Bergen, Norway, Centre for Womens and Gender Research, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway, Department of Comparative Politics, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway, Department of Information Science and Media Studies, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway, Holst, C. (2016). The institutional subscription may not cover the content that you are trying to access. Ultimately, whether or not bone conduction headphones are . Select your institution from the list provided, which will take you to your institution's website to sign in. (1995). Mink had been interested in fighting discrimination in education since her youth, when she opposed racial segregation in campus housing while a student at the University of Nebraska. On the benefit side, intersectionality, welfare state and democratization seem to deliver several of the same goods as descriptive representation, raising the question of whether descriptive representation is at all recommendable, given what we know of its costliness. Minow, M. (1991). Young, I. M. (2000). List of the Pros of Experimental Research 1. Democratic legitimacy. These descriptive representations reflect the laws of nature, the system, or logical constraints for the design of the product. Some societies use Oxford Academic personal accounts to provide access to their members. Sometimes you can add a subwoofer, depending on the model. Previous Figure Next Figure. ), Deliberative democracy and its discontents. Pitkin, H. F. (1972). Cornell, D. (1995). Accountability and political representation of national minorities: a forgotten link? (2004). Representation is crucial for democracy: good representation helps to increase re-sponsiveness, foster electoral turnout, increase political interest and include minori-ties. Choose this option to get remote access when outside your institution. Estlund, D. (2008). Princeton: Princeton University Press. Proportional representation is a system of political representation that has been growing by leaps and bounds. Kymlicka, W. (1993). The notions of women-centred/intersectional state feminism, state feminism with/without a welfare state and with/without democratization should be thought of in terms of Weberian ideal types. Advantage. A political-philosophical exchange. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Tables can be useful if trying to. Descriptive research does not rely on only one type of data; it relies on both quantitative and qualitative research. The safest position would be to say that results are "mixed . Goodin highlights that legislatures and governments need not include all groups and subgroups in society to represent the fact of diversity. Descriptive statistics is a form of analysis that helps you by describing, summarizing, or showing data in a meaningful way. 26 ubat 2021 Kategorilendirilmemi 0 Kategorilendirilmemi 0 Companies use descriptive research analysis, but it has both advantages and disadvantages. Legal harmonization and intersectionality in Swedish and Norwegian anti-discrimination reform. Gender as seriality: Thinking about women as a social collective. At one time, there was relatively little concern about descriptive representation in Congress. At the heart of freedom: Feminism, sex & equality. Equal outcomes on an individual level would have implied that each and every individual got the same bundle of goods and burdens in question. List of the Cons of Proportional Representation 1. Or at least, that's one theory. London: Routledge. A vast literature debates the efficacy of descriptive representation in legislatures. In this contribution we distinguish the substantive and the descriptive approach of representation. The Politics of Local Presence: Is there a Case for Descriptive Representation? We may share your site usage data with our social media, advertising, and analytics partners for these reasons. Descriptive representation is a way of thinking about representation in which it is thought to be important that representatives have the same racial, gender, ethnic, religious, or educational backgrounds as their constituents. Summarize a large amount of data in a visual, easily interpretable form Make trends easier to highlight than tables do it helps in studying patterns over long period of time it is used to compare data sets. representation in the U.S. House of Representatives Advantages of Proportional Representation The main advantage of PR is that it makes sure that all the views of the public are represented. $\endgroup . The pros and cons of descriptive research analysis. List of Pros of Bicameral Legislature. Cons. in or register, However, its not unheard of for it to happen when two buyers are using the same agent. Lexington: D. C. Heath. Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative, Over 10 million scientific documents at your fingertips, Not logged in Hollis earned a degree in English Literature from the University of Florida. In Y. Galligan (Ed. Liza Hollis has been writing for print and online publications since 2003. Hernes, H. (1987). 8. Of course, descriptive representation is not logically necessary to promote minority interests. On the other hand, there are some disadvantages of descriptive research. Undocumented Youth and Collective Representation in the U.S. Congress, Good Practices of Indigenous Political Participation: Maori Participation in New Zealand Elective Bodies, Race, Bureaucracy, and Symbolic Representation: Interactions Between Citizens and Police, Conditioning Descriptive Representation: Institutional Moderation of Unique Group Perspectives in Legislative Debates, Political Participation of Australian Muslims, Minority Representation, Empowerment, and Participation, Morals or money? Public opinion and the Australian aid budget, 2000-2013, Black Legislative Politics: Examining the Issue of Voting Rights in the Post- Hurricane Katrina Period, The Role of Race, Ethnicity, and Party on Atittudes towards Descriptive Representation, Issues and Candidates: Colorado Latino/a Vote Choices, Granting Local Voting Rights to Non-Citizens in Estonia and Latvia: The Conundrum of Minority Representation in Two Divided Democracies, Intersectionality, Quotas, and Minority Womens Political Representation Worldwide, Turkish Journal of Politics (TJP) Vol. Why democracy? Subject materials can be evaluated with greater detail. 1. New York: Free Press. Growing up in America, children are taught by their grade school teachers to be proud of being American. African Americans were routinely deprived of the opportunity to participate in democracy, and Hispanics and other minority groups were fairly insignificant in number and excluded by the states. Descriptive research has advantages and disadvantages with researchers accounting for positive and negative variables. The 116th Congress has been the most racially and ethnically diverse in U.S. history, with 56 Black members, 43 Hispanic members, 17 Asian members, and four Native American members. The classic example of this advantage is that critical sample can be useful in determining the value of an investigation, while the expert sampling approach allows for an in-depth analysis of the information that is present. Welfare state and woman power: Essays in state feminism. The tyranny of the majority: Fundamental fairness in representative democracy. Does the representative look like, have common interests with, or share certain experiences with the represented? https://cnx.org/contents/W8wOWXNF@12.1:Y1CfqFju@5/Preface, CC BY. world (descriptive representation), and the second focuses on effects of women's presence in parliament (substantive representation). London: Palgrave Macmillan. Among them is Nancy Pelosi who became the Speaker of the House in the Eleventh Congress and James Clyburn, an African-American who served as Majority Whip. The affirmative action controversy. Fortunes of feminism. Congress is also overwhelmingly Christian. Berkeley: University of California Press. Second, this same information reveals to us when somebody is strange, or something improper is going on. In some cases, representation can seem to have very little to do with the substantive issues representatives in Congress tend to debate. Another argument in favor of descriptive research is that once information is assembled, there are many ways to apply it. Movies represent cultural values and Disney's legacy of mostly white princesses depicts our racist society. Oxford: Oxford University Press. It occurs when two or more parties are represented by the same real estate brokerage. Descriptive research does not rely on only one type of data; it relies on both quantitative and qualitative Relatable. Various reasons clarify why this is. (2004). Phillips, A. Should blacks represent blacks and women represent women? Prescriptivists typically abide by traditional elements that strive to preserve long-lasting grammatical rules, word forms, processes or behaviors even if the rules are outdated. ), Deliberative democracy and its discontents. On the negative side, descriptive research can sometimes be skewed to fit the needs of the researcher. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. The question here is what happens to the calculus of descriptive representation under the condition that state feminist machineries are in place and work relatively efficiently. Discrimination has not fallen short in any way and continues to build barriers for many people of color. There are three main types of descriptive methods: observational methods, case-study methods and survey methods. Phillips, A. The imaginary domain: Abortion, pornography and sexual harassment. One example of this is the district context hypothesis that states that individuals in districts. Some societies use Oxford Academic personal accounts to provide access to their members. Rational deliberation among experts and citizens. Proportional representation is a complicated form of election. 1. In academic and professional environments, researchers often take on research projects before making definitive statements or taking action involving the subject matter. Acta Politica, 4, 389403. Enter the email address you signed up with and we'll email you a reset link. The purpose of this study is to examine the consequences of the level of descriptive representation of women in the National Parliament (NP) and European Parliament (EP) on the substantive representation of women. The collection of data is quick and easy to conduct, especially when doing surveys. This article examines theoretical expectations on the importance of descriptive representation. This essay will proceed as follows. My examination of hearing transcripts from the 107th Congress indicates that minority legislators are more likely than white legislators to participate in racial-oversight hearings but not more likely than whites to participate in social welfare hearings. In the face of the modern impatience with pages (or even paragraphs) of descriptive narrative, its easy for writers to overreact and decide to avoid description altogether. In S. Besson & J. L. Mart (Eds. The contention is that such similarity in success prospects requires social and economic redistribution and not only anti-discrimination and equal treatment (what Rawls refers to as formal equal opportunities). Though as they showed that areas with high crime rates were high regardless of ethnic group. For librarians and administrators, your personal account also provides access to institutional account management. Something about the areas needed to clarify the distinctions. (Eds.). This could mean different agents from the same brokerage or even the same agent represents multiple clients. The 113th Congress, has twenty-eight Hispanic U.S. 38 E Locust St, Mechanicsburg, Pa, The maximization use of an executive law-making body is the crucial advantage that representative democracy can offer. Confidentiality is the primary weakness of descriptive research. Descriptive representation is the idea that political institutions should reflect the social composition of populations as they are.5 In descriptive representation, representatives not only have visible characteristics (such as ethnicity, gender, or sexual orientation) that are common to their constituents but also have shared experiences such as Arena Centre for European Studies, University of Oslo, Sognsveien 68, 0855, Oslo, Norway, You can also search for this author in Waterfall model is the very first model that is used in SDLC. Olsen, J. P. (2013). This article is licensed under a CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 license. Bicameral legislature emanates from the concept of representative democracy. New York: Colombia University Press. Evidence from Romania. The concept of representation. The three that we visit on every trip to Atlanta are Six Flags, Stone Mountain, and the Atlanta Aquarium. 4. While descriptive statistics are used to present raw data in an accurate way, inferential statistics are used to apply inferences derived from a data sample to the larger data population. This may help you better understand research findings, whether reported in the mainstream 625 Words 3 Pages Decent Essays Acceptability: Such a report is acceptable to busy persons because it easily highlights the theme of the report. From Your Site Articles Because Of Modern Feminism Disney Princess Gender Roles Are . The future of feminism. Sorry, preview is currently unavailable. \(\overset{\underset{\mathrm{def}}{}}{=} \). Profiles: Google Scholar, Dataverse, OSF, R-Forge, Mastodon, YouTube, Libra.unine.ch, (Figshare), (SSRN), (Kudos). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Ironic to think that is how one is taught to act but stereotypes are now bigger than ever right? In the most comprehensive treatment on this subject to date, this article demonstrates that states with higher turnover rates and citizen legislatures are more conducive to the election of Latinos and demonstrates the institutional and demographic differences among several states affecting Latino descriptive representation. Descriptive representation is hotly contested. Pros and Cons of Descriptive Research. Tests: The Material and Tangible Effects of Descriptive Representation. In S. Besson & J. S. Mart (Eds. Descriptive statistics for the importance of the pros and cons, knowledge, and the percent of time participants used KICs. Peter, F. (2011). Crenshaw, K. (1991). Descriptive representation is a representation in which representatives have similar backgrounds to the people they represent. Descriptive Representation and Intergroup Relations in Comparative Perspective. Women-centred and intersectional state feminism, state feminism inside and outside a welfare state context, and state feminism more and less democratized are compared, and it is argued that from the cost side, descriptive representation is more recommendable in a democratized, intersectional state feminist regime than in a women-centred technocratic one, whereas the effects of the welfare state variable on descriptive representation costs are more mixed. Shibboleth / Open Athens technology is used to provide single sign-on between your institutions website and Oxford Academic. Quantitative Methodology. Academia.edu no longer supports Internet Explorer. Studies of the representation of minority interests in the era following the enactment Woocommerce Remove Product Attribute Programmatically, 2 Winter 2014, Intersecting Interests: Gender, Race and Congressional Attention to Womens Issues, RETHINKING WOMEN'S SUBSTANTIVE REPRESENTATION. It is tough to validate an accurate and complete representation of a study. 5 No. Beyond bodies: Institutional sources of representation for women in democratic policy-making. I'm not sure what the pros and cons are of labelling all or only some such statistics as inferential. However, in substantive representation, it is not necessary for the representative to have a similar background or shared characteristics with the people he represents. Being a high school student I never payed much attention to anything outside of sports, academics and what crazy adventure me and my friends would be sucked into the upcoming weekend. A personal account can be used to get email alerts, save searches, purchase content, and activate subscriptions. Descriptive research designs also offer a unique means of data collection. European Sociological Review, 20(1), 111. Firms, boards and gender quotas: Comparative perspectives. The advantage is that it ensures that government sis efficient as the democratic process has included checks and balances (Regoli). Prescriptive analytics offers decision support for the best course of action to get desired results. Another benefit of descriptive research is that it enables you to determine the behavior of people in a natural setting. Like Mink, many other women sought and won political office, many with the help of the NWPC. Secondly, I will draw upon Phuong Ngo as a case study to describe how descriptive and substantive representation impacted MEM voters in his constituency. It is tough to validate an accurate and complete representation of a study. 3. You do not currently have access to this chapter. Democracy With Adequate Representation. Democracy and the new separation of powers. Representing consumer institutions: The case of American health planning. New York: Verso. View your signed in personal account and access account management features. They also have some other benefits over traditional headphones. Nevertheless in a country where nearly 50% of Americans under 18 are minorities, the future looks quite hopeful for real change. Your browser seems to have Javascript disabled. (2002). With descriptive representation, decision makers will be more diverse and may therefore be more likely to listen to the input of more diverse citizens, to give and receive from them the kind of information that is relevant to their concerns, and to respond to their expressed needs (Broockman, 2013). This forces the government to dissolve the coalition. Descriptive representation A belief that constituents are more effectively represented by legislators who are similar to them in such key demographic characteristics as race, gender, ethnicity, or religion Racial gerrymandering The drawing of a legislative district to maximize th chance that a minority candidate will win the election Veto By making the decision-making process more . While skeptics argue that the switch to MMP will evoke havoc and mark the end of a decisive government, the pros of proportional representation outweigh the cons. Descriptive research is used to gain information about behavior. London: Sage. Democracy and disagreement. Plantenga, J., Remery, C., Figueiredo, H., & Smith, M. (2009). Cambridge: Harvard University Press. The article concludes with a discussion on the important avenues for future research as the level of diversity in Congress increases and more women and minorities enter the ranks of committee and party leadership. If you are a member of an institution with an active account, you may be able to access content in one of the following ways: Typically, access is provided across an institutional network to a range of IP addresses. There are a few different ways to look at this by taking a look at different minority groups and examining their struggles. An innovative research tool, descriptive research is used by researchers as an opportunity to fuse both quantitative and qualitative data to reconstruct the what is of a topic. Bacchi, C. (1999). It is an Efficient Form of Government. London: Routledge. 1. Since 1992, the U.S. Congress has experienced dramatic change in the demographic makeup of its membership. Descriptive representation describes the extent to which public officials reflect the demographic composition of the constituents that they serve. These are issues that have left minorities feeling as though they are belittled and not treated as fairly as the majority in our society. Purpose. Swift, A. How Do Parliamentarians Define Descriptive Representation? The data from a descriptive research project can be collected from one person or a small group of people. If your institution is not listed or you cannot sign in to your institutions website, please contact your librarian or administrator. Racial profiling and stereotyping are just two forms in which minorities have been facing for years. Your email address will not be published. Mart, J. L. (2006). The expansion of minority and female representation still continues at a slow pace. 2. Mansbridge, J. They delineate achievement and motivate students to study hard and perform well. In the wake of the Civil Rights Movement, African American representatives also began to enter Congress in increasing numbers. Diagnostic analytics gives the reason why something happened. As Shaw and McKay, found out that the rates of crime were not evenly spread out across areas of the city, and around the city. Disadvantages of proportional representation. Typically, multiple representation involves the buyer and seller. What is a Descriptive Representative? Norris, P., & Franklin, M. (1997). It is tough to validate an accurate and complete representation of a study. The epistemic conception of deliberative democracy defended. Part of Springer Nature. New York: Verso. In recent decades, Congress has become much more descriptively representative of the United States. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Engelstad, F., & Teigen, M. (2012). 1. Sawer, M. (2002). Mansbridge, J. Your email address will not be published. This law-making body is generally controlled by the laws and governed by the state constitution. Gender and discourse. 2. Do not use an Oxford Academic personal account. In K. Ross (Ed. Pros & Cons of Descriptive Research Varied. Comparative Analysis: Information can be compared in terms of graphical representation. You can get a decent soundbar at $200-300. Mansbridge, J. The simplest example of this point, which is critical for an understanding of how languages function as representational systems, is the famous traffic lights example. Other hybrid approaches have been suggested for visual-spatial and model-based reasoning. The descriptive evaluation was proposed as opposed to traditional method of evaluation and it is based on new strategies for facing the government's challenges. For example, if you are assembling a questionnaire, you might load the questions to direct the reader to answer a certain way. While this is an enormous step, indicative of progression, corrupt politicians many times can use such incentives to implement manipulative and unscrupulous tactics to gain support from minority groups.
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