Hans Hertel, a Swiss food scientist, initiated the first tests on microwaved food and microwave cooking to determine how microwaves affect human physiology and the blood. To investigate the effects of 2.4GHz Wi-Fi radiation on multisensory integration in rats, a cross-modal visual-tactile object recognition (CMOR) task was performed by four variations of the spontaneous object recognition (SOR) test including the standard SOR, tactile SOR, visual SOR, and CMOR tests. Bioelectromagnetics. 2005;22:32931. Microwaves are electromagnetic waves with frequencies ranging from 300MHz to 300GHz. Myhrer T. Neurotransmitter systems involved in learning and memory in the rat: a meta-analysis based on studies of four behavioral tasks. 2010;1347:17985. The authors detected the EEG within the frequency bands of 0.530.0Hz for 5 consecutive days. [20] divided the radar workers into three sets: control group (n=68), exposure group I (n=40, exposed to 812GHz) and exposure group II (n=58, working with radar at 12.518.0GHz). Dasdag et al. In long-term epidemiological investigations of large population with occupational exposure, the results have not been consistent. Otto M, von Mhlendahl KE. Stahlhut Espinosa CE, Slack FJ. 2004;155:3743. Finally, Hardell et al. Hear I can show the different strength of microwave technologies. 1992;6:379. Microwaves of 50mW/cm2 increased the levels of the major excitatory amino acids Asp and glutamic acid (Glu) and the inhibitory amino acids gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and Gly, while 6h later in the 30mW/cm2 group, the level of Gly was reduced in the cerebral cortex. 2009;158:12639. The results demonstrated the ability of electric magnetic field (EMF) to influence plasma melatonin and serotonin concentrations in radar workers. Cite this article. Kwon MS, Vorobyev V, Knnl S, Laine M, Rinne JO, Toivonen T, et al. The article's subject is the investigation of electromagnetic fields (EMF) of the microwave frequency band in a typical human living environment, especially in shielded areas. fMicrowave Radiation Comes From Many Sources, Including: Cell phones. 2004;115:1490505. J Natl Cancer Inst. Instead, the effects of exposure of hu-mans and other life forms must be deter-mined and used to set realistic permissi-ble exposure limits. Schz J, Waldemar G, Olsen JH, Johansen C. Risks for central nervous system diseases among mobile phone subscribers: a Danish retrospective cohort study. This classical method is often used to test learning and memory abilities after exposure to microwave radiation. Effect of a 915-MHz simulated mobile phone signal on cognitive function in man. In a report by the Poland Department of Microwave Safety, occupational exposure to electromagnetic fields was analyzed in the work environment of personnel of 204 devices divided into 5 groups (surface-to-air missile system radars, aircraft and helicopters, communication devices, surveillance and height finder radars, airport radars and radio navigation systems). Google Scholar. After irradiation was applied for 2h/d for 60 d, the authors observed the following: microwave radiation produced by mobile phones damaged the brains of adult and young rats, the damage caused by mobile phones in the calling state was significantly more severe than that observed in the standby group, and the neurons of young rats were more seriously injured than those of adult rats. Prog Biophys Mol Biol. Their answers to questionnaires showed that the workers suffered from symptoms including headaches, fatigue, stress and sleeplessness. 2012;25:1828. The effects of microwaving a human body Lia Koltyrina/Shutterstock But there are parts of the human body that are more prone to "cooking" fast, such as the eyeballs and testes. Bull Exp Biol Med. An increasing level of acetylcholine can increase the concentration of free calcium ions in synapses, but its concentration was decreased by 60% after exposure to microwave irradiation [117]. 1992;114:16202. Effect of microwave electromagnetic fields on activity of energy metabolism cytochrome oxidase in cerebral cortical neurons of postnatal rats. A popular focus among researchers is the damage that microwave radiation causes in the central nervous system, in which it can impair learning and memory. Radiofrequency (RF) and microwave (MW) radiation are electromagnetic radiation in the frequency ranges 3 kilohertz (kHz) - 300 Megahertz (MHz), and 300 MHz - 300 gigahertz (GHz), respectively. ranging from as long as one meter to as short as one. Therefore, the authors concluded that exposure to a radiofrequency of 900MHz might trigger the neoplastic process because it produces a relative increase in the number of potentially long-lived cells. Schz J, Jacobsen R, Olsen JH, Boice JD, McLaughlin JK, Johansen C. Cellular telephone use and cancer risk: update of a nationwide Danish cohort. To investigate whether exposure of rat brains to GMS microwaves induced DNA breaks and changes in gene expression, Belyaev et al. Dasdag et al. Spatial memory and learning performance and its relationship to protein synthesis of Swiss albino mice exposed to 10 GHz microwaves. After 28days, the levels of Glu and Tau in the hippocampus and cerebrospinal fluid were lower, indicating that the cognitive damage induced by microwave radiation is associated with a decrease in Glu [66, 67]. Szmigielski [23] collected retrospective data for Polish soldiers over 15years and showed that the prevalence of brain cancer was higher in each age group. J Sleep Res. 2016;53:210011. In 2011, the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) announced that microwave radiation has potentially carcinogenic effects (2B). In addition, another study showed that significant psychiatric symptoms were observed in people who worked in these areas. 2013;5:5500110. 2013;89:11007. Exposure of rat brain to 915 MHz GSM microwaves induces changes in gene expression but not double stranded DNA breaks or effects on chromatin conformation. It is widely accepted that protein synthesis occurs in neuronal dendrites and may be the cellular basis of learning and memory, during which local protein synthesis and synaptic plasticity are closely linked to the efficiency of communication between neurons. Smythe JW, Costall B. Mol Brain Res. Choeiri C, Staines W, Miki T, Seino S, Messier C. Glucose transporter plasticity during memory processing. Khurana VG, Teo C, Kundi M, Hardell L, Carlberg M. Cell phones and brain tumors: a review including the long-term epidemiologic data. Effect of mobile radiation on health ppt . . Bioelectromagnetics. Cancer Res. Fragopoulou et al. A large number of studies have shown that microwave radiation can cause a series of adverse reactions in the central nervous system, including sleep disorders in addition to learning and memory impairments. Exposure to microwaves and silencing p-synapsin I reduced the release of GABA, and maximum reduction was achieved when both were combined, indicating a synergistic effect. Kwon et al. Othman H, Ammari M, Sakly M, Abdelmelek H. Effects of prenatal exposure to WIFI signal (2.45 GHz) on postnatal development and behavior in rat: influence of maternal restraint. 2009;27:556572. PLoS One. Oto R, Akda Z, Dada S, Celik Y. Rev Environ Health. The results indicated that repeated low-level exposure to extremely low frequency microwaves affects brain functioning and provide an additional approach to analyzing the underlying mechanisms. Bioelectromagnetics. LTP induction involves a signal transduction cascade that includes the release of glutamate from synaptic vesicles, activation of NMDAR at postsynaptic membranes, entry of Ca2+, and activation of Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinases (CaM kinases) II, IV and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) [71]. pability of the body (thus, a thermal effect), whereas the standard of the U.S.S.R. and Poland are based upon the interaction of the microwave fields with the brain and central nervous system as measured by neurological or behavior effects. [1] used 10 freely moving rats in which carbon electrodes were implanted in the cortex and dorsomedial hypothalamus. PubMed Int J Hyg Environ Health. Bioelectromagnetics. [64] exposed cultured rat hippocampal neurons to GSM 1800MHz microwaves (SAR, 2.4W/kg) and observed a selective decrease in the amplitude of -amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-soxazole propionic acid (AMPA) miniature excitatory postsynaptic currents (mEPSCs). 1984;11:4760. Vakalopoulos C. The EEG as an index of neuromodulator balance in memory and mental illness. Neurobiol Learn Mem. [105] identified stable C-T mutation sites at 217 points by screening for SNPs in the GRIN2B promoter region in rats. Zhang Y, Li Z, Gao Y. Oxidative stress refers to an imbalance between oxidants and antioxidants in vivo and is characterized by a biochemical state that tends toward oxidization, including the formation of oxygen free radicals (i.e., ROS) and nitrogen radicals reactive nitrogen species (RNS), which play major roles in oxidation. WJZ wrote the paper and outlined this manuscript, LFW and XJH provided a detailed guidance throughout the article. Mortazavi et al. Therefore, the central nervous system is considered one of the most sensitive organs that is targeted by microwave radiation [1, 2]. The results indicated that radar microwave radiation leads to a decreased reaction time and lower short-term memory performance [18]. BOOTP and DHCP.ppt anik301. Acetylcholine modulation of neural systems involved in learning and memory. Frequency Fields (RF) and Microwave Radiation on human health" by the Scientific Committee on Toxicity, Ecotoxicity and the Environment (CSTEE) from 2001, with respect . 2008;169:3845. Cobb et al. Baer C, Claus R, Plass C. Genome-wide epigenetic regulation of miRNAs in cancer. Singh et al. The rats in the study showed increases in spatial memory and glucose transporters, and this phenomenon indicated a corresponding increase in glucose uptake. J Neuro-Oncol. Microwaves are widely used in broadcasting, communications and many industrial fields. The progeny brain oxidative balance and serum biochemistry, such as phosphorus, magnesium, glucose, triglycerides and calcium levels, were disrupted [60]. Neuroreport. Electromagn Biol Med. MicroRNAs and neurodegeneration: role and impact. Naser D, Shahram T. Adverse health effects of occupational exposure to radiofrequency radiation in airport surveillance radar operators. Iran J Public Health. 1999;4:102. In the lower SAR group, the , 1 and 2 bands were affected in the three subjects. Int J Radiat Biol. In the CNS, glutamic acid binds and plays physiological roles with the following two receptors: ionotropic glutamate and metabolic glutamate. Edelstyn N, Oldershaw A. Scientific, technical publications in the nuclear field | IAEA 2004;48:46624. We should ensure that we avoid excessive exposure to microwave radiation in daily life activities and use mobile phones appropriately despite information about its positive effects. PLoS One. The relationship between NMDA receptors and microwave induced learning and memory impairment: a long term observation on Wistar rats. 2005;25:10190201. 2006;27:16471. Neuroreport. Surg Neurol. Xu et al. Thus, these results suggest that the 2.4W/kg GSM 1800MHz microwaves may reduce excitatory synaptic activity and the number of excitatory synapses in cultured rat hippocampal neurons. Mobile phone use and risk of tumors: a meta-analysis. Zhao et al. Whole-body exposure to 2.45 GHz electromagnetic fields does not alter 12-arm radial-maze with reduced access to spatial cues in rats. Trends Neurosci. Int J Radiat Biol. found that long-term treatment with a low dose of microwave radiation reduced the activity and the number of excitatory synapses. Othman H, Ammari M, Rtibi K, Bensaid N, Sakly M, Abdelmelek H. Postnatal development and behavior effects of in-utero exposure of rats to radiofrequency waves emitted from conventional WiFi devices. At present, due to a general consensus that the most significant parameter for . Cordless phone in power levels very high and microwave frequency level also high. Role of distinct NMDA receptor subtypes at central synapses. broad definition in terms of frequencies between. Effects of isothermal 2.45 GHz microwave radiation on the mammalian cell Ci ihff fihl2MHdifdi i Bi l h. C Spr '05 Inan, OT Thermal effects of RF he above diagram depicts the electric field alternations, at a frequency f, of the biological effects of electromagnetic waves started to be discussed. PubMedGoogle Scholar. [102] exposed rats to 9.15MHz microwaves (SAR: 0.4mW/g) for 2h. They found that in the cerebellum of all the exposed animals, 11 genes were up-regulated from 1.34- to 2.74-fold, and one gene was down-regulated 0.48-fold. However, there was no change in the frequency of AMPA mEPSCs or the amplitudes of N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) mEPSCs. Bioelectromagnetics. The effects of hyperthermia and hyperthermia plus microwaves on rat brain energy metabolism. Am J Epidemiol. CAS Sci Total Environ. J Electromagnet Anal. Article This conclusion is consistent with the results of a previously reported study that showed that short-term exposure to microwave radiation can reduce reaction times and improve cognitive functions, attention and short-term memory capacity [28,29,30,31,32,33,34]. Int J Epidemiol. To determine the precise dose-effect relationship between microwave radiation and its biological effects, further detailed studies must be performed. Microwaves are widely used in broadcasting, communications and many industrial fields. These conclusions are presented in Table2. Cell Biochem Biophys. Microwave radiation can induce oxidative and nitrosative stress, which lead to hippocampal neuronal and non-neuronal apoptosis via the oxidative damage of cellular constituents (i.e., nucleic acids, proteins and lipids) and subsequent over expression of p53, which up-regulates Bax and down-regulates pro-caspase-3 and full-length/uncleaved poly-ADP-ribose polymerase (PARP) 1, eventually inducing neuronal degeneration via apoptosis [76]. Biomed Environ Sci. Behav Brain Res. Xiong L, Sun CF, Zhang J, Gao YB, Wang LF, Zuo HY, et al. Int J Radiat Biol. 2011;18:32533. Calabr E, Condello S, Curr M, Ferlazzo N, Caccamo D, Magaz S, et al. CAS 2010;2010. The microwave energy can be changed to warm up the food because this energy is absorbed by food & it does not prepare food contaminated or radioactive. Ann N Y Acad Sci. Most of the workers recovered when they left the source of microwave radiation. 2005;130:591600. 2003;11:346. Google Scholar. Nicholson RM, Kusne Y, Nowak LA, LaFerla FM, Reiman EM, Valla J. Google Scholar. Chin J Indus Hyg. Riedel G, Platt B, Micheau J. Glutamate receptor function in learning and memory. 2017;326:291. Article 1999;75:44756. Concurrently, in the hippocampus, acetylcholine can promote learning and memory [115, 116]. daily life. The authors declare that they have no competing interests. Google Scholar. Koch C, Zador A. Brain Res. [103] found that microwave radiation caused DNA single-strand and double-strand breaks in vivo in populations submitted to occupational exposure, and the incidence of micronuclei in lymphocytes was significantly increased. Each of these effects are also caused by exposures to other microwave frequency EMFs, with Synapse. 1984;5:6370. Dasdag S, Akdag MZ, Erdal ME, Erdal N, Ay OI, Ay ME, et al. Li-Feng Wang or Xiang-Jun Hu. The thermal effects of exposure to RF and microwave radiation are well established and fairly well understood. They summarized the characteristics and functions of hippocampus-related miRNAs following irradiation with microwaves, and these data laid a foundation that clarified the molecular mechanisms underlying microwave-induced injury to hippocampal learning and memory and suggested potential therapeutic targets. To investigate the effects of microwaves radiation on apoptotic activity, cell viability, and cell cycle progression, which can provide information about microwaves radiation effects on neural cells over the period from embryonic stages to infants. Of the numerous studies performed to explore the effects of mobile communication devices on humans, only a few have shown that cell phones and brain tumors are statistically correlated. In the probe test, the exposed group could not locate the platform and exhibited a significantly higher mean latency (i.e., 3-fold higher) to reach the target quadrant, and they spent only half the time that the controls spent in the target quadrant. Decreased synthesis of acetylcholine accompanying impaired oxidation of pyruvic acid in rat brain minces. 2008;49:16370. This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (61571455). Above all, because of biases and variations in investigation methods, no conclusive evidence has been presented that microwaves cause cancer. Lymphatic Systems: Due to chemical alterations within food substances, malfunctions occur in the lymphatic system, causing a degeneration of the body's ability to . 2015;36:4804. Bad impacts a microwave has on our daily lives. Shahin found that regardless of whether exposure was long-term or short-term, 2.45GHz microwaves increased oxidative/nitrosative stress, which potentially led to apoptosis in hippocampal subfield neurons and non-neuronal cells as a result of p53-dependent/independent activation. Military Medical Research J Clin Oncol. The effects of microwave radiation on protein synthesis in brain remain undetermined. Additionally, the number of crossings was significantly lower at 3 d after microwave radiation. radiations. Suhhova et al. Proliferation and apoptosis in a neuroblastoma cell line exposed to 900 MHz modulated radiofrequency field. Pathophysiology. The role of microRNAs in cancer. Since mobile phones are used in positions very close to the human body and require a large Microwave exposure impairs synaptic plasticity in the rat hippocampus and pc12 cells through over-activation of the nmda receptor signaling pathway. Repeated Wi-Fi studies show that Wi-Fi causes oxidative stress, sperm/testicular damage, neuropsychiatric effects including EEG changes, apoptosis, cellular DNA damage, endocrine changes, and calcium overload. [14] found that gliomas are not preferentially located in the parts of the brain with the highest exposure. 2000;11:16413. In communications, the microwaves come from mobile phones and their base stations and microwave links, in addition to cordless phones, terrestrial trunked radios, blue tooth devices, wireless local area networks and many other applications. 2000;284:30017. As a result, the existing data exhibit poor reproducibility and comparability. Toxicol Sci. 2007;34:146779. However, other reports have indicated that unlike ionizing radiation, the microwave radiation produced by mobile phones does not possess sufficient energy to directly damage DNA. Verma et al. Damage to learning abilities and reduction of glucose utilization in the limbic system of adult rats are closely linked [109].
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