In the early 17th century internal theological conflict within the Calvinist church between two tendencies of Calvinism, the Gomarists and the liberal Arminians (or Remonstrants), resulted in Gomarist Calvinism becoming the de facto state religion. The Counter-Reformation involved the creation of new practices and policies in the Catholic Church as it was a religious movement that was politically motivated. The Reformation in Scotland's case culminated ecclesiastically in the establishment of a church along reformed lines, and politically in the triumph of English influence over that of France. Its origins lay in the discontent with the Elizabethan Religious Settlement. She finds, "in contemporary scholarship, the Reformation is now seen as a vast cultural upheaval, a social and popular movement, textured and rich because of its diversity. Counter-Reformation used both coercion and institutional reform to retain its ecclesiastical control of Christendom. Arguably, the Reformation was initiated by Martin Luther's ninety-five theses on a church door in Wittenberg, Germany, in the year 1517. The Reformation was thus a media revolution. The first two Lutheran martyrs were monks from Antwerp, Johann Esch and Heinrich Hoes, who were burned at the stake when they would not recant. The document sparked a religious revolution across Europe and . [29], Despite significant diversity among the early Radical Reformers, some "repeating patterns" emerged among many Anabaptist groups. Different levels of income tax revenue per capita,% of labor force in manufacturing and services, and incomes of male elementary school teachers. involved the creation of new practices and policies in the Catholic Church. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2009. G. Reformation and Counter Reformation Print section Reformers of different kindsincluding John Wycliffe, John Huss (Jan Hus), and Girolamo Savonaroladenounced the moral laxity and financial corruption that had infected the church "in its members and in its head" and called for radical change. The Reformation in western and central Europe officially began in 1517 with Martin Luther and his 95 Theses. World Civilization Chapter 5 - The Counter-Re, The Counter Reformation, Chapter 1, Section 7, Literature and Philosophy of the Renaissance, Eric Hinderaker, James A. Henretta, Rebecca Edwards, Robert O. Self, John Lund, Paul S. Vickery, P. Scott Corbett, Todd Pfannestiel, Volker Janssen, Nurs418: Atrioventricular Blocks and Pacemake, ACE Health and Wellness Coach Practice Test, Nursing Management of Hypertension NURS 4554. [citation needed]. Different reformers arose more or less independently of Luther in 1518 (for example Andreas Karlstadt, Philip Melanchthon, Erhard Schnepf, Johannes Brenz and Martin Bucer) and in 1519 (for example Huldrych Zwingli, Nikolaus von Amsdorf, Ulrich von Hutten), and so on. Counter Reformation, This designation for the great spiritual revival within the Church during the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries was used by Leopold von Ranke and g Old Catholics, Old Catholics, Christian denomination established by German Catholics who separated themselves from the Roman Catholic Church when they rejected (187 James Gibbons (american Cardinal), Gibbons, James . It covered the following five areas: Doctrine (ideology) Ecclesiastical or Structural Reconfiguration. Elton, Geoffrey R. and Andrew Pettegree, eds. [63] Any suspected person who could not clear himself was to be banished from the colony; a second offence carried a death penalty. Following the Affair of the Placards, culprits were rounded up, at least a dozen heretics were put to death, and the persecution of Protestants increased. By 1530, over 10,000 publications are known, with a total of ten million copies. As Bireley points out, the term "Counter-Reformation" emerged into common discussion of 16th century religion in the 19th century, when a German Protestant historian named Leopold von Ranke wrote History of the Popes. The early Reformation in Germany mostly concerns the life of Martin Luther until he was excommunicated by Pope Leo X on 3 January 1521, in the bull Decet Romanum Pontificem. [53] During his reign, Lutheranism made significant inroads among the Danish population. [88], The Reformation and Counter-Reformation era conflicts are termed the European wars of religion. The Counter-Reformation, also called the Catholic Reformation or the Catholic Revival, was the period of Catholic resurgence initiated in response to the Protestant Reformation, beginning with the Council of Trent (1545-1563) and ending at the close of the Thirty Years' War (1648). When Henry died he was succeeded by his Protestant son Edward VI, who, through his empowered councillors (with the King being only nine years old at his succession and fifteen at his death) the Duke of Somerset and the Duke of Northumberland, ordered the destruction of images in churches, and the closing of the chantries. The outstanding success of the Catholic Counter Reformation movement, however, is the longevity in which Catholicism has stayed the dominant religion in the country. Eventually the expulsions of the Counter-Reformation reversed the trend. i. Henry VIII broke with the Catholic Church. A meeting was held in his castle in 1529, now known as the Colloquy of Marburg, which has become infamous for its complete failure. Although Protestantism triumphed relatively easily in Scotland, the exact form of Protestantism remained to be determined. French Protestantism, though its appeal increased under persecution, came to acquire a distinctly political character, made all the more obvious by the conversions of nobles during the 1550s. He subsequently sponsored Maximos of Gallipoli's translation of the New Testament into the Modern Greek language and it was published in Geneva in 1638. The shift toward political and religious freedom in turn, helped spawn the Reformation movement, which caused a divide within the powerful Catholic Church, leading many Europeans to turn to then . Other suggested ending years relate to the Counter-Reformation or the 1648 Peace of Westphalia. He was raised to the rank of a cardinal in 1565 and a year later was made bishop of Bologna. Central Europe was the site of much of the Thirty Years' War and there were continued expulsions of Protestants in Central Europe up to the 19th century. Albert, Duke of Prussia formally declared the "Evangelical" faith to be the state religion. The Reformation Parliament of 1560 repudiated the pope's authority by the Papal Jurisdiction Act 1560, forbade the celebration of the Mass and approved a Protestant Confession of Faith. [citation needed], Word of the Protestant reformers reached Italy in the 1520s but never caught on. In Sweden, the Reformation was spearheaded by Gustav Vasa, elected king in 1523, with major contributions by Olaus Petri, a Swedish clergyman. The unique government (Poland was a republic where the citizen nobility owned the state) meant the king could not enforce a religious settlement even he if so desired. The Counter-Reformation was a religious and political movement that involved the creation of new practices and policies in the Catholic Church. Although the two movements agreed on many issues of theology, as the recently introduced printing press spread ideas rapidly from place to place, some unresolved differences kept them separate. Which statement best describes the Roman Inquisition? Protestant worship services in the local language rather than Latin. The Germans fished near Iceland's coast, and the Hanseatic League engaged in commerce with the Icelanders. The next sizable territories were the Landgraviate of Hesse (1526; at the Synod of Homberg) and the Electorate of Saxony (1527; Luther's homeland), Electoral Palatinate (1530s), and the Duchy of Wrttemberg (1534). A challenge to the Church in Rome. [3] The spread of Gutenberg's printing press provided the means for the rapid dissemination of religious materials in the vernacular. [53] Frederick's son, Christian, was openly Lutheran, which prevented his election to the throne upon his father's death. In Electoral Saxony the Evangelical-Lutheran Church of Saxony was organised and served as an example for other states, although Luther was not dogmatic on questions of polity. Practically every work of art depicted biblical themes. [61] She was one of the four executed Quakers known as the Boston martyrs. The Waldensian Church survived in the Western Alps through many persecutions and remains a Protestant church in Italy.[82]. The center of Protestant learning in Hungary has for some centuries been the University of Debrecen. Various interpretations emphasise different dates, entire periods, or argue that the Reformation never really ended. Finally, in 1717, the Silent Sejm banned non-Catholics from becoming deputies of the Parliament. [62] In 1647, Massachusetts passed a law prohibiting any Jesuit Roman Catholic priests from entering territory under Puritan jurisdiction. [citation needed]. Parallel to events in Germany, a movement began in the Swiss Confederation under the leadership of Huldrych Zwingli. Reformers and their opponents made heavy use of inexpensive pamphlets as well as vernacular Bibles using the relatively new printing press, so there was swift movement of both ideas and documents. The Reformation movement begins in 1517 when a German Augustinian friar named Martin Luther posts a list of grievances, called the Ninety-Five Theses, against the Roman Catholic Church. [89] The Catholic House of Habsburg and its allies fought against the Protestant princes of Germany, supported at various times by Denmark, Sweden and France. Gudziak, Borys A. However, a number of factors complicated the adoption of the religious innovations in Ireland; the majority of the population there adhered to the Catholic Church. The separation of the Church of England from Rome under Henry VIII, beginning in 1529 and completed in 1537, brought England alongside this broad Reformation movement. Peace of Augsburg in 1555 officially ended the religious struggle between the two groups and made the legal division of Christianity permanent within the Holy Roman Empire, allowing rulers to choose either Lutheranism or Roman Catholicism as the official confession of their state. Ultimately Pope Clement VII refused the petition; consequently it became necessary for the King to assert his lordship over the church in his realm to give legal effect to his wishes. The civil wars gained impetus with the sudden death of Henry II in 1559, which began a prolonged period of weakness for the French crown. The Protestant Reformation was a sixteenth century religious movement that attempted to reform and diminish the powers of the Roman Catholic Church in Europe, but that later created another branch of religion, Protestantism. His desire for an annulment of his marriage was known as the King's Great Matter. The quality of the new Catholic schools was so great that Protestants willingly sent their children to these schools. The Radical Reformation was the response to what was believed to be the corruption in both the Roman Catholic Church and the Magisterial Reformation. Between 1530 and 1540, Protestantism in Spain was still able to gain followers clandestinely, and in cities such as Seville and Valladolid adherents would secretly meet at private houses to pray and study the Bible. Some followers of Zwingli believed that the Reformation was too conservative, and moved independently toward more radical positions, some of which survive among modern day Anabaptists. From SmartHistory, here is a great lecture to give you an overview of the Counter Reformation. Crisis and Reform: The Kyivan Metropolitanate, the Patriarchate of Constantinople, and the Genesis of the Union of Brest. [74] In response to the Edict of Fontainebleau, Frederick William I, Elector of Brandenburg declared the Edict of Potsdam (October 1685), giving free passage to Huguenot refugees and tax-free status to them for ten years. King Sigismund of Poland and Martin Luther: The Reformation before Confessionalization. Luther strengthened his attacks on Rome by depicting a "good" against "bad" church. It swept through the Bavarian, Thuringian and Swabian principalities, including the Black Company of Florian Geier, a knight from Giebelstadt who joined the peasants in the general outrage against the Catholic hierarchy. The Reformation had to be a political event. It was made possible by a revolution against French hegemony under the regime of the regent Mary of Guise, who had governed Scotland in the name of her absent daughter Mary, Queen of Scots (then also Queen of France). Common factors that played a role during the Reformation and the Counter-Reformation included the rise of the printing press, nationalism, simony, the appointment of Cardinal-nephews, and other corruption of the Roman Curia and other ecclesiastical hierarchy, the impact of humanism, the new learning of the Renaissance versus scholasticism, and the Western Schism that eroded loyalty to the Papacy. The Catholic Reformation was the movement within the Catholic Church to renew the doctrinal, spiritual, moral . In the Ruthenian lands (predominately modern day Belarus & Ukraine) the Orthodox Church also undertook a similar strategy. In 1666, the Sejm banned apostasy from Catholicism to any other religion, under penalty of death. Given sentence below refers to a numbered sentence in the passage. [70] One of those who fled France at that time was John Calvin, who emigrated to Basel in 1535 before eventually settling in Geneva in 1536. The veneration of some saints, certain pilgrimages and some pilgrim shrines were also attacked. Which statement Best describes what happened if a German prince decided a state was Catholic in the late 1500s? The presence of bishoprics made the adoption of Protestantism less likely. For this, it took several action such as not allowing more corruption among the members, founded new religious orders to strengthen the institution. [a] Due to the reform efforts of Hus and other Bohemian reformers, Utraquist Hussitism was acknowledged by the Council of Basel and was officially tolerated in the Crown of Bohemia, although other movements were still subject to persecution, including the Lollards in England and the Waldensians in France and Italian regions. Between 1604 and 1711, there was a series of anti-Habsburg uprisings calling for equal rights and freedom for all Christian denominations, with varying success; the uprisings were usually organised from Transylvania. Income differences between Protestants and Catholics. An important component of the Catholic Reformation in Poland was education. Henry had once been a sincere Catholic and had even authored a book strongly criticising Luther. [21] Some nuns, such as Katharina von Bora and Ursula of Munsterberg, left the monastic life when they accepted the Reformation, but other orders adopted the Reformation, as Lutherans continue to have monasteries today. Spain, which had only recently managed to complete the reconquest of the Peninsula from the Moors in 1492, had been preoccupied with converting the Muslim and Jewish populations of the newly conquered regions through the establishment of the Spanish Inquisition in 1478. Luxembourg, a part of the Spanish Netherlands, remained Catholic during the Reformation era because Protestantism was illegal until 1768. In other words, art was to be strictly . Jews and Heretics in Catholic Poland: A Beleaguered Church in the Post-Reformation Era. Higher public spending on schooling and better educational performance of military conscripts. But if you think modern life is more than an endless bad-tempered argument, you may concede that Luther's Reformation gave us a few useful, if largely, unexpected gifts. The Protestant Reformation was a major 16th century European movement aimed initially at reforming the beliefs and practices of the Roman Catholic Church. Some Protestants left Italy and became outstanding activists of the European Reformation, mainly in the PolishLithuanian Commonwealth (e.g. In 1517, Luther nailed the Ninety-five theses to the Castle Church door, and without his knowledge or prior approval, they were copied and printed across Germany and internationally. Atrocity and outrage became the defining characteristics of the time, illustrated at their most intense in the St. Bartholomew's Day massacre of August 1572, when the Catholic party killed between 30,000 and 100,000 Huguenots across France. Numerous colleges and universities were set up throughout the country: the Jesuits and Piarists were important in this regard but there were contributions of other religious orders such as the Dominicans. This created resentment amongst the Protestant nobility; however, the country did not experience a religiously motivated civil war. The council did not address the national tensions or the theological tensions stirred up during the previous century and could not prevent schism and the Hussite Wars in Bohemia. The Roman Inquisition was a court of the Catholic Church that prosecuted crimes of heresy. Counter-Reformation, also called Catholic Reformation or Catholic Revival, in the history of Christianity, the Roman Catholic efforts directed in the 16th and early 17th centuries both against the Protestant Reformation and toward internal renewal. There was also a growing party of reformers who were imbued with the Calvinistic, Lutheran and Zwinglian doctrines then current on the Continent. Southern Europe remained predominantly Catholic apart from the much-persecuted Waldensians. In 1558 the Transylvanian Diet of Turda decreed the free practice of both the Catholic and Lutheran religions, but prohibited Calvinism. They dragged the Protestants to prison and the stake wherever they could. [4] The end of the Reformation era is disputed among modern scholars. This "Elizabethan Religious Settlement" largely formed Anglicanism into a distinctive church tradition. No one translated the Bible into Italian; few tracts were written. John Knox is regarded as the leader of the Scottish reformation. Although Zwinglianism does hold uncanny resemblance to Lutheranism (it even had its own equivalent of the Ninety-five Theses, called the 67 Conclusions), historians have been unable to prove that Zwingli had any contact with Luther's publications before 1520, and Zwingli himself maintained that he had prevented himself from reading them. The Habsburgs, who ruled Spain, Austria, the Crown of Bohemia, Hungary, Slovene Lands, the Spanish Netherlands and much of Germany and Italy, were staunch defenders of the Catholic Church. At one point in history[when? Long-standing resentment between the German states and the Swiss Confederation led to heated debate over how much Zwingli owed his ideas to Lutheranism. For a more complete list, see the list of states by the date of adoption of the Reformation and the table of the adoption years for the Augsburg Confession. The Counter-Reformation was a religious and political movement that. Lollardy was suppressed and became an underground movement, so the extent of its influence in the 1520s is difficult to assess. In 1588, the Bishop of Llandaff published the entire Bible in the Welsh language. During the Reformation era, Moldova was repeatedly invaded. Reformation, the, the usual term for the religious movement which made its appearance in Western Europe in the sixteenth century, and which, while ostensibly aiming at an internal renewal of the Church, really led to a great revolt against it, and an abandonment of the principal Christian beliefs. As a result, some of them lived as crypto-Protestants, also called Nicodemites, contrary to the urging of John Calvin, who wanted them to live their faith openly. Lutheranism gained a significant following in the eastern half of present-day Austria, while Calvinism was less successful. [65] Nevertheless, it was not until the mid-19th century that celebrating Christmas became fashionable in the Boston region. Although the German Peasants' War of 15241525 began as a tax and anti-corruption protest as reflected in the Twelve Articles, its leader Thomas Mntzer gave it a radical Reformation character. Under Philip II, conservatives in the Spanish church tightened their grip, and those who refused to recant such as Rodrigo de Valer were condemned to life imprisonment. Transylvania in what is today's Romania was a "dumping ground for undesirables" by the Habsburg monarchy. German princes and the Holy Roman Emperor. This argument is best articulated in Robert Bireley's The Refashioning of Catholicism. This challenge to Papal supremacy resulted in a breach with the Roman Catholic Church. The apostolic succession was retained in Sweden during the Reformation. The various groups had their own juridical systems. ], the majority of Slovaks (~60%) were Lutherans. Today, we call this "Roman Catholic" because there are so many other types of churches (for example . The presence of monasteries made the adoption of Protestantism less likely. England had already given rise to the Lollard movement of John Wycliffe, which played an important part in inspiring the Hussites in Bohemia. Even later, Lutheranism gained a substantial following, after being permitted by the Habsburgs with the continued persecution of the Czech native Hussite churches. The term includes Thomas Mntzer, Andreas Karlstadt, the Zwickau prophets, and Anabaptists like the Hutterites and Mennonites. The Reformation is usually dated to 31 October 1517 in Wittenberg, Saxony, when Luther sent his Ninety-Five Theses on the Power and Efficacy of Indulgences to the Archbishop of Mainz. The Counter-Reformation was a movement within the Roman Catholic Church which began in the 1500s. [90], Six princes of the Holy Roman Empire and rulers of fourteen Imperial Free Cities, who issued a protest (or dissent) against the edict of the Diet of Speyer (1529), were the first individuals to be called Protestants. The Counter-Reformation, also called the Catholic Reformation or the Catholic Revival, was the period of Catholic reforms initiated in response to the Protestant Reformation. The council created a new administrative system to stop corruption and unfair practices within the Catholic Church. If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article. The English Reformation followed a different course from the Reformation in continental Europe. He dramatised Luther's views on the relationship between the Old and New Testaments, while remaining mindful of Luther's careful distinctions about proper and improper uses of visual imagery. The Reformation also spread widely throughout Europe, starting with Bohemia, in the Czech lands, and, over the next few decades, to other countries. In the mid-1520s, a massive popular insurrection, known as the German Peasants' War and partly inspired by the Reformation, produced a variety of challenging new . The Reformation (alternatively named the Protestant Reformation or the European Reformation) was a major movement within Western Christianity in 16th-century Europe that posed a religious and political challenge to the Catholic Church and in particular to papal authority, arising from what were perceived to be errors, abuses, and discrepancies by the Catholic Church. Andrew P. Klager, "Ingestion and Gestation: Peacemaking, the Lord's Supper, and the Theotokos in the Mennonite-Anabaptist and Eastern Orthodox Traditions", Birgit Stolt, "Luther's Translation of the Bible. The Reformation has been credited as a key factor in the formation of transnational advocacy movements. Oxford, United Kingdom: Oxford University Press, 2018. In the 1520s Luther's reforms spread among the mostly German-speaking inhabitants of such major cities as Danzig (now Gdask), Thorn (now Toru) and Elbing (now Elblg). [77] Protestants in Spain were estimated at between 1000 and 3000, mainly among intellectuals who had seen writings such as those of Erasmus. They condemned what they saw as Protestant errors. Most current estimates place the world's Protestant population in the range of 800 million to more than 1billion. Where Protestant reformers enjoyed princely patronage, they were much more likely to succeed. Erasmus and Louis de Berquin who was martyred in 1529), sometimes breaking from Rome or from the Protestants, or forming outside of the churches. [22][23] Magdalena Heymair printed pedagogical writings for teaching children Bible stories. [28] Although the surviving proportion of the European population that rebelled against Catholic, Lutheran and Zwinglian churches was small, Radical Reformers wrote profusely and the literature on the Radical Reformation is disproportionately large, partly as a result of the proliferation of the Radical Reformation teachings in the United States.