https://doi.org/10.1038/ejhg.2012.86, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/ejhg.2012.86. A network of 61 G2c-M377 lineages from Europe, the Near/Middle East and Central and South Asia reveals founder lineages (one pronounced founder in Ashkenazi Jews and a far distant one among South Asian individuals) and diverged lineages (Supplementary Figure S1). In the meantime, to ensure continued support, we are displaying the site without styles Balanovsky O, Rootsi S, Pshenichnov A et al. A relatively high percentage of G2a2b1 persons have a value of 21 at STR marker DYS390. Should any man with the P15 mutation test negative (ancestral) for any of these or vice versa, that finding would be the basis of a new G2a category. JD and JC were supported by ANR program AFGHAPOP No BLAN07-9_222301. G-M201 has also been found in Neolithic Anatolian sites such as Boncuklu dating back to 8300-7600 BCE, and Barcin dating back to 6419-6238 BCE. To obtain For the multi-copy STR DYS389I,II the DYS389b value was DYS389I subtracted from DYS389II. We attempted to localize the potential geographic origin of . Haplogroup G ( M201) is a human Y-chromosome haplogroup. [21] In a study of 936 Indians, haplogroup G made up less than 1% of the sample and was completely absent in the tested Northwestern Indian population. In human genetics, Haplogroup G (M201) is a Y-chromosome haplogroup. The most probably region of the initial phase of G-M201 is estimated to be in Anatolia, Armenia or western Iran. Samples from persons with British Isles, Sicilian and Turkish ancestry have been identified. Ancient DNA reveals male diffusion through the Neolithic Mediterranean route. AAL thanks the Sorenson Molecular Genealogy Foundation. First, the G2a1-P16 lineage is effectively Caucasus specific and accounts for about one-third of the Caucasian male gene pool (Figure 2f). The coalescence age estimate of 9400 years for P16 coincides with the early Holocene (Supplementary Table S4). Hum Hered 2006; 61: 132143. The formula for the coalescence calculations is as follows: Age=25/1000 ASD0/0.00069. Nat Commun 2012; 3. de Knijff P, Kayser M, Caglia A et al. Luis JR, Rowold DJ, Regueiro M et al. These patterns have been related to different migratory events and demographic processes.2, 10, 11, 14, 15, 16. No clinal patterns were detected suggesting that the distributions are rather indicative of isolation by distance and demographic complexities. Origin, diffusion, and differentiation of Y-chromosome haplogroups E and J: inferences on the neolithization of Europe and later migratory events in the Mediterranean area. The most detailed SNP mutation identified was S126 (L30), which defines G2a3.[11]. Its chromosome location listed as 21653414. Kayser M, Caglia A, Corach D et al. Science 2000; 290: 11551159. Haplogroup G2a (G-P15) has been identified in Neolithic human remains in Europe dating between 5000 and 3000 BC. The overall coalescent age estimate (Supplementary Table S4) for P303 is 12600 years ago. Drawing the history of the Hutterite population on a genetic landscape: inference from Y-chromosome and mtDNA genotypes. Mitochondrial DNA and Y Chromosome Variation Provides Evidence for a Recent Common Ancestry between Native Americans and Indigenous Altaians. In contrast, the only U1 representative in Europe is the G-M527 lineage whose distribution pattern is consistent with regions of Greek colonization. The L293 SNP that characterizes a third subclade was identified in June 2010 at Family Tree DNA. Haplogroup G (M201) is a human Y-chromosome haplogroup. and JavaScript. Ann Hum Genet 2004; 68: 588599. The frequency pattern and the microsatellite network of E-M2(xM191) indicate a West African origin followed by expansion, a result that is in agreement with the findings of Cruciani et al. Eur J Hum Genet 2003; 11: 535542. Haplogroup K2b1 (P397/P399) is also known as Haplogroup MS, but has a broader and more complex internal structure. Semino et al. Google Scholar. In contrast to G1, the absolute majority of hg G samples belonged to G2-P287-related sub-clades, with the vast majority of them being associated with G2a-P15-related lineages. [10], A skeleton found at the Neolithic cemetery known as Derenburg Meerenstieg II, in Saxony-Anhalt Germany, apparently belonged to G2a3 (G-S126) or a subclade. Slider with three articles shown per slide. Y chromosome sequence variation and the history of human populations. The mutations involved may be complicated and difficult to interpret. Hum Genet 2004; 114: 127148. Although compared with G1-M285, the phylogenetic level of P303 (Figure 1) is shallower but its geographic spread zone covers the whole hg G distribution area (Figure 2b). These Neolithic European were descendants of Neolithic farmers from Anatolia, among some of the earliest peoples in the world to practice agriculture. The 96 populations were collapsed into 50 regionally defined populations by excluding populations where the total G count was less than n=5. Semino O, Magri C, Benuzzi G, Lin AA, Al-Zahery N, et al. Taken as a collective group, P303-derived chromosomes are the most widespread of all hg G lineages (Supplementary Table S1 and Figure 2b) and clearly display differential geographic partitioning between L497 (Figure 2c) and U1 (xM527) (Figure 2d). Achilli A, Olivieri A, Pala M et al. Although no basal G-M201* chromosomes were detected in our data set, the homeland of this haplogroup has been estimated to be somewhere nearby eastern Anatolia, Armenia or western Iran, the only areas characterized by the co-presence of deep basal branches as well as the occurrence of high sub-haplogroup diversity. First, we calculated haplogroup diversity using data in Supplementary Table S1 for the 52 instances when total population sample size exceeded 50 individuals and 5hg G chromosomes were observed. So far all G2a1 persons have a value of 10 at STR marker DYS392. Haplogroup G is observed in this survey as G1-M285 and G2a-P15. Circles represent microsatellite haplotypes, the areas of the circles and sectors are proportional to haplotype frequency (smallest circle corresponds to one individual) and the geographic area is indicated by color. Geographic spread patterns of the P303-derived groups defined by L497, U1 and P15(xP303)-derived P16 and M406 lineages, all of which achieve a peak frequency of at least 10%, are presented in Figures 2bf, respectively. Haplogroup H Am J Hum Genet 2003; 72: 313332. Cadenas AM, Zhivotovsky LA, Cavalli-Sforza LL, Underhill PA, Herrera RJ : Y-chromosome diversity characterizes the Gulf of Oman. G1-M285, previously described in the Iranian population . Although M527 frequency (Supplementary Table S1) is relatively low (16%), its phylogeographic distribution in regions such as southern Italy, Ukraine and the Levant (Druze and Palestinians) often coincides with areas associated with the Neolithic and post-Neolithic expansions into the Greek Aegean beginning approximately 7000 years ago.41 The expansion time (Td) of M527 is 71002300 years ago and is consistent with a Middle to Late Neolithic expansion of M527 in the Aegean. The phylogenetic relationships of the various sub-haplogroups investigated are shown in Figure 1. But a high percentage of U1 men belong to its two subclades, G-L13/S13 and Z1266 (G2a3b1a1b). The genetic heritage of the earliest settlers persists both in Indian tribal and caste populations. ISSN 1018-4813 (print), Distinguishing the co-ancestries of haplogroup G Y-chromosomes in the populations of Europe and the Caucasus, Subdividing Y-chromosome haplogroup R1a1 reveals Norse Viking dispersal lineages in Britain, Phylogenetic analysis of the Y-chromosome haplogroup C2b-F1067, a dominant paternal lineage in Eastern Eurasia, Y-chromosomal connection between Hungarians and geographically distant populations of the Ural Mountain region and West Siberia, Origin and diffusion of human Y chromosome haplogroup J1-M267, Bidirectional dispersals during the peopling of the North American Arctic, The role of matrilineality in shaping patterns of Y chromosome and mtDNA sequence variation in southwestern Angola, Ancient human mitochondrial genomes from Bronze Age Bulgaria: new insights into the genetic history of Thracians, Medieval Super-Grandfather founder of Western Kazakh Clans from Haplogroup C2a1a2-M48, Early medieval genetic data from Ural region evaluated in the light of archaeological evidence of ancient Hungarians, http://harpending.humanevo.utah.edu/popstr/, Population genetic study of 17 Y-STR Loci of the Sorani Kurds in the Province of Sulaymaniyah, Iraq, Phylogenetic history of patrilineages rare in northern and eastern Europe from large-scale re-sequencing of human Y-chromosomes, Sex-biased patterns shaped the genetic history of Roma, Middle eastern genetic legacy in the paternal and maternal gene pools of Chuetas, Cancel Basically, haplogroups refer to organisms that have a common ancestor, identified by studying the nucleotide and mitochondrial mutations in cells. In Turkey, the South Caucasus and Iran, haplogroup G reaches the highest percentage of national populations. [4], Two scholarly papers have also suggested an origin in the Middle East, while differing on the date. Age: About 7,800 years ago Origin: Eurasia Y-Haplotree. Although progress has been recently made in resolving the haplogroup G phylogeny, a comprehensive survey of the geographic distribution patterns of the significant sub-clades of this haplogroup has not been conducted yet. It is a branch of Haplogroup F (M89), and is theorized to have originated, according to the latest thinking, in the Near East or Southern Asia, likely in the region that is now northern India, Pakistan, and Afghanistan. Conversely, hg G is present in Northeast Caucasus only at an average frequency of 5% (range 019%). The Morans I coefficient was calculated using the PASSAGE software v.1.1 (Phoenix, AZ, USA) with binary weight matrix, nine distance classes and random distribution assumption. Parent Branch: G-FGC5081 Descendant branch(s): G-Z17084 G-Z45043 FTDNA Tree Link: Link YFull Info. In 2012, SNPs with the Z designation as first identified by citizen researchers from 1000 Genomes Project data began to appear. Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content: Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article. [25], In the Middle East, haplogroup G accounts for about 3% of the population in almost all areas. First, here is the only region with co-presence of deep basal branches as well as the occurrence of high sub-haplogroup diversity of haplogroup G. Y chromosomal heritage of Croatian population and its island isolates. In Europeexcept in Italy G2a2b1 constitutes less than 20% of G samples. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. The most commonly occurring subclades are G1* (M285) and many subclades of G2 (G-P287), especially: G2a (P15), G2a1 (G-FGC7535, formerly G-L293), G2a2b2a (G-P303) formerly G2a3b1); G2a2b1 (G-M406) formerly G2a3a; G2a2b2a1 (G-L140) formerly G2a3b1a; G2a2b2a1a1b (G-L497) formerly G2a3b1a2; G2a2b2a1a1a1 (G-L13) formerly G2a3b1a1a; G2a2b2a1a1c1a (G-CTS5990 or G-Z1903) formerly G2a3b1a3; G2b (G-M3115) and; G2b1 (G-M377), formerly G2b.