Login to post. Michelle Miller reports. Descendants are learning new links to their pasts as a result of the project. Join Amazon Prime Watch Thousands of Movies & TV Shows Anytime . They were heading to the only Catholic cemetery in Maringouin. Against the conditions agreed upon, families were separated due to this sale. In letters written to Jesuit superiors in Maryland, one priest who accidentally crossed paths with the slaves in Louisiana after the sale bemoaned the fact that the slaves couldnt practice Catholicism.. [29], Not all of the 272 slaves intended to be sold to Louisiana met that fate. list of slaves sold by georgetown university. [27] Johnson allowed these slaves to remain in Maryland because he intended to return and try to buy their spouses as well. When the Society of Jesus was suppressed worldwide by Pope Clement XIV in 1773, ownership of the plantations was transferred from the Jesuits' Maryland Mission to the newly established Corporation of Roman Catholic Clergymen. Your source for jobs, books, retreats, and much more. Eventually, Roothaan removed Thomas Mulledy as provincial superior for disobeying orders and promoting scandal, exiling him to Nice for several years. Drawing from campus-based research projects sponsored by the Association of American Colleges and Universities and the Center for Urban Education at the University of Southern California, this invaluable resource provides real-world steps that reinforce primary elements for examining equity in student achievement, while challenging educators to specifically focus on racial equity as a critical lens for institutional and systemic change. In 1838, the Jesuit priests who ran the countrys top Catholic university needed money to keep it alive. More than half were younger than 20, and nearly a third were not yet 10 years old. In recognizing the role Georgetown in the use of slaves as money, they are recognizing some of the depths of what slavery actually represented. people, women and others in the Catholic Church, Cardinal Cupich: Critics of Pope Francis Latin Mass restrictions should listen to JPII. Kenney found the slaves facing arbitrary discipline, a meager diet, pastoral neglect, and engaging in vice. A few priests expressed qualms about the morality of human trafficking to Jesuit authorities, although most were concerned with the threat a heavily Protestant South would undoubtedly present to the slaves Catholic faith, it reads. Share with your friends! African-Americans are often a fleeting presence in the documents of the 1800s. Alfred "Teen" Blackburn (1842-1951), one of the last living survivors of slavery in the United States who had a clear recollection of it. [8] In reality, by the early 19th century, the Jesuit plantations were in such a state of mismanagement that the Jesuit Superior General in Rome, Tadeusz Brzozowski, sent Irish Jesuit Peter Kenney to review the operations of the Maryland Mission as a canonical visitor in 1820. Continue to scroll for fascinating Videos and Books to enhance your learning experience. -- Georgetown University has announced that descendants of 272 slaves, from whose sale the school profited in 1838, will receive "an advantage in the admissions process" as part of a larger . Interview: Whats it like to photograph Pope Francis? Patricia Bayonne-Johnson, a descendant of another of the slaves sold by the Jesuits, is the president of the Eastern Washington Genealogical Society in Spokane, Wash., which is helping to track the slaves and their families. if you are trying to comment, you must log in or set up a new account. [66] In 2020, the college removed Mulledy's name. Joseph Carberry, 1824 GSA29: Priscilla Queen petitions for her freedom, 1810 GSA30: Edward Queen petitions for his freedom, 1791 GSA31: Proceedings of the General Chapter at White Marsh, May 1789 GSA32: Fanny & her family, 1815 Consider the following list: Top 10 Countries with the Highest Prevalence of Modern Slavery (by slaves per 1000 residents) - Global Slavery Index 2018: North Korea - 104.6 (10.46%) Eritrea - 93 (9.3%) Burundi - 40 (4.0%) Central African Republic . Key then transferred this property to John R. Thompson. In 1844, Henry Johnson sold a share of Chatham and would eventually sell the remainder of his land and enslaved people to John R. Thompson in 1851. Were sorry registration isn't working smoothly for you. ALL OF THE PEOPLE LISTED ON THIS PAGE HAVE PROFILES. Georgetown is not the first or only university to own slaves. [5], On June 19, 1838, Mulledy, Johnson, and Batey signed articles of agreement formalizing the sale. This coincided with a protest by a group of students against keeping Mulledy's and McSherry's names on the buildings the day before. But the decision to sell virtually all of their enslaved African-Americans in the 1830s left some priests deeply troubled. [5] McSherry delayed selling the slaves because their market value had greatly diminished as a result of the Panic of 1837,[24] and because he was searching for a buyer who would agree to these conditions. In the list are links to affiliate partners. Father Mulledy promised his superiors that the slaves would continue to practice their religion. Now shes working for justice. And the 1838 sale worth about $3.3 million in todays dollars was organized by two of Georgetowns early presidents, both Jesuit priests. They were looking to buy slaves in the Upper South more cheaply than they could in the Deep South, and agreed to Mulledy's asking price of approximately $400 per person. To this day the search continues. A photo of the slave cabins at Laurel Valley in Thibodaux is part of the GU272 Memory Project. The church records helped lead to a 69-year-old woman in Baton Rouge named Maxine Crump. [137] Thomas C. Hindman (1828-1868), American politician and Confederate general. This admissions preference has been described by historian Craig Steven Wilder as the most significant measure recently taken by a university to account for its historical relationship with slavery. But the 1838 slave sale organized by the Jesuits, who founded and ran Georgetown, stands out for its sheer size, historians say. It also features audio recordings in which descendants recall memories, from segregated education to family migration away from the South. (RNS) A genealogical association has launched a new website detailing the family histories of slaves who were sold to keep Catholic-run Georgetown University from bankruptcy in . Banks would finance land purchases using slaves as collateral. A problem can is not solved without first recognizing it, discussing it and taking steps to rectify the long term damage that continues to this day. Your email address will not be published. [65], On April 18, 2017, DeGioia, along with the provincial superior of the Maryland Province, and the president of the Jesuit Conference of Canada and the United States, held a liturgy in which they formally apologized on behalf of their respective institutions for their participation in slavery. Now, for the first time, Ms. Crump understood its origins. In 2019, 66 percent of Georgetown students voted in a referendum to add a $27.20 student fee to be. In November, the university agreed to remove the names of the Rev. Of the sum, $8,000 was used to satisfy a financial obligation that,[23] following a long-running and contentious dispute, Pope Pius VII had previously determined the Maryland Jesuits owed to Archbishop Ambrose Marchal of Baltimore and his successors. Three Jesuits traveled aboard The Ark and The Dove on Lord Baltimore's voyage to settle Maryland in 1634. She listened, stunned, as he told her about her great-great-grandfather, Cornelius Hawkins, who had labored on a plantation just a few miles from where she grew up. [36], Soon after the sale, Roothaan decided that Mulledy should be removed as provincial superior. [52] In 2014, renovation began on Ryan and Mulledy Halls to convert them into a student residence. We have committed to finding ways that members of the Georgetown and Descendant communities can be engaged together in efforts that advance racial justice and enable every member of our Georgetown community to confront and engage with Georgetowns history with slavery.. Shoes and clothing were made in the North and shipped to be used by the enslaved people. Father Mulledy took most of the down payment he received from the sale about $500,000 in todays dollars and used it to help pay off the debts that Georgetown had incurred under his leadership. [3], Much of this land was put to use as plantations, the revenue from which financed the Jesuits' ministries. Other slaves were sold locally in Maryland so that they would not be separated from their spouses who were either free or owned by non-Jesuits, in compliance with Roothaan's order. [37] Roothaan was particularly concerned because it had become clear that, contrary to his order, families had been separated by the slaves' new owners. WASHINGTON The human cargo was loaded on ships at a bustling wharf in the nations capital, destined for the plantations of the Deep South. [42], Before the abolition of slavery in the United States in 1865, many slaves sold by the Jesuits changed ownership several times. An inspector scrutinized the cargo on Dec. 6, 1838. [30] In total, only 206 are known to have been transported to Louisiana. A microcosm of the whole history of American slavery, Dr. Rothman said. The name had been passed down from generation to generation in her family. . While they continued to support gradual emancipation, they believed that this option was becoming increasingly untenable, as the Maryland public's concern grew about the expanding number of free blacks. The notation betrayed no hint of the turmoil on board. Meet Paul Haring, the CNS photographer who covered the resignation of Pope Benedict XVI and the election of Francis, numerous international papal trips and the daily action of Vatican life for over a decade. Now comes the task of making amends. Although the working group was established in August, it was student demonstrations at Georgetown in the fall that helped to galvanize alumni and gave new urgency to the administrations efforts. But when Ms. Riffel, the genealogist, told her where she thought he was buried, Ms. Crump knew exactly where to go. [71] The university instead decided to raise $400,000 per year in voluntary donations for the benefit of descendants. . It lists the slaves by name according to plantation where they lived, identifies family groups, and records which ship (1, 2, or 3) they were shipped in. Upon receipt of these 51, Johnson and Batey were to pay the first $25,000. The Rev. But the popes order, which did not explicitly address slave ownership or private sales like the one organized by the Jesuits, offered scant comfort to Cornelius and the other slaves. The next year, Pope Gregory XVI explicitly barred Catholics from engaging in this traffic in Blacks no matter what pretext or excuse.. Peter Havermans wrote of an elderly woman who fell to her knees, begging to know what she had done to deserve such a fate, according to Robert Emmett Curran, a retired Georgetown historian who described eyewitness accounts of the sale in his research. Leaders in policy, business, technology, science, history, arts and culture engaged with top journalists on the most consequential issues of our time. The grave of Cornelius Hawkins, one of 272 slaves sold by the Jesuits in 1838 to help keep what is now Georgetown University afloat.CreditWilliam Widmer for The New York Times. On June 19, 1838, the Maryland Province of the Society of Jesus agreed to sell 272 slaves to two Louisiana planters, Henry Johnson and Jesse Batey, for $115,000 (equivalent to approximately $2.96 million in 2021). Now that we have this data, my hope is that we can use it to open doors and make connections. [24], Mulledy quickly made arrangements to carry out the sale. Today, the universitys leaders, students and alumni are grappling with how to confront that history. [13], Beginning in 1800, there were instances of the Jesuit plantation managers freeing individual slaves or permitting slaves to purchase their freedom. These are real people with real names and real descendants.. [48] It is one of the most well-documented slave sales of its era. Our membership program offers special benefits to college students including: * Unlimited FREE Two-Day Shipping (with no minimum order size), * Exclusive deals and promotions for college students, Georgetown University confronts its history with slavery. Many of them baptized Catholic, they were bought by planters to work. The presidents of Harvard University and Georgetown University discuss their institutions historic ties to slavery in a conversation with Ta-Nehisi Coates. Georgetown owned these human beings and they had been used to build the institutions physical buildings, tend farms and perform hard labor under rigid control. We see that slavery was MUCH more than depriving people of their liberty and theft of their services, it was the cruel and long lasting emotional devastation of selling away loved ones, taking indecent liberties, cruel and inhumane treatment and so much more. Slaves were collateral and could be used to mortgage land and other goods. That man, Thomas Mulledy, then the president of Georgetown University, had sold 272 slaves to pay off a massive debt strangling the university. Now, with racial protests roiling college campuses, an unusual collection of Georgetown professors, students, alumni and genealogists is trying to find out what happened to those 272 men, women and children. [16] Mulledy in particular felt that the plantations were a drain on the Maryland Jesuits; he urged selling the plantations as well as the slaves, believing the Jesuits were only able to support either their estates or their schools in growing urban areas: Georgetown College in Washington, D.C. and St. John's College in Frederick, Maryland. An alumnus, following the protest from afar, wondered if more needed to be done. [15], While Roothaan decided in 1831, based on the advice of the Maryland Mission superior, Francis Dzierozynski, that the Jesuits should maintain and improve their plantations rather than sell them, Kenney and his advisors (Thomas Mulledy, William McSherry, and Stephen Dubuisson) wrote to Roothaan in 1832 about the growing public opposition to slavery in the United States, and strongly urged Roothaan to allow the Jesuits to gradually free their slaves. At Georgetown, slavery and scholarship were inextricably linked. But he said he could not stop thinking about the slaves, whose names had been in Georgetowns archives for decades. [10], Due to these extensive landholdings, the Propaganda Fide in Rome had come to view the American Jesuits negatively, believing they lived lavishly like manorial lords. [34] In the years after the sale, it also became clear that most of the slaves were not permitted to carry on their Catholic faith because they were living on plantations far removed from any Catholic church or priest. Participants in this discussion are: Drew Gilpin Faust, President, Harvard University. Joseph Zwinge (identified as "J.Z.") Ms. Crump is a familiar figure in Baton Rouge. Examined and found correct, he wrote of Cornelius and the 129 other people he found on the ship. This indispensable guide presents academic administrators and staff with advice on building an equity-minded campus culture, aligning strategic priorities and institutional missions to advance equity, understanding equity-minded data analysis, developing campus strategies for making excellence inclusive, and moving from a first-generation equity educator to an equity-minded practitioner. Much more than a way to chat. We receive a small royalty without cost to you. However, the total number of slaves is only one way to measure the level of slavery in a country. The New York Times would like to hear from people who have done research into their genealogical history. The website is part of a collaboration between Boston-based American Ancestors, also called the New England Historic Genealogical Society, and the Georgetown Memory Project, which was founded by Georgetown alumnus Richard Cellini. 51 slaves were to be sent to Alexandria, Virginia, then shipped to Louisiana. [4] Many of these slaves were gifted to the Jesuits, while others were purchased. Georgetown Reflects on Slavery, Memory, and Reconciliation Georgetown is engaged in a long-term and ongoing process to more deeply understand and respond to the university's role in the injustice of slavery and the legacies of enslavement and segregation in our nation. Continue scrolling down for more amazing information, videos, books and value items. Despite coverage of the Maryland Jesuits' slave ownership and the 1838 sale in academic literature, news of these facts came as a surprise to the public in 2015, prompting a study of Georgetown University's and Jesuits' historical relationship with slavery. Thomas Hibbert (1710-1780), English merchant, he became rich from slave labor on his Jamaican plantations. Georgetown Jesuits enslaved her ancestors. [32] An unknown number of slaves may also have run away and escaped transportation. Close to half of them remain alive. [45] Patrick and Woolfolk's slaves were then sold in July 1859 to Emily Sparks, the widow of Austin Woolfolk. Tweet. The Rev. Advertisement In Bayonne-Johnson's hands,. [50], The 1838 slave sale returned to the public's awareness in the mid-2010s. He was about 48 then, a father, a husband, a farm laborer and, finally, a free man. In the case of Amazon, please use our links whenever you shop. Jesuit priests in Maryland sold 272 slaves to Louisiana plantations in 1838 to fund Georgetown . Slaves worked on the Jesuit plantations in Maryland that helped to sustain the Jesuits' religious and educational mission. They could then make 40% on the labor of the slave and pay the bank 8%. The plantation would be sold again and again and again, records show, but Corneliuss family remained intact. Check out some of the. The first payment on the remaining $90,000 would become due after five years. You can also manage your account details and your print subscription after logging in. (RNS) A genealogical association has launched a new website detailing the family histories of slaves who were sold to keep Catholic-run Georgetown University from bankruptcy in the 1800s. Limit 20 per day. Johnson and Batey agreed to pay $115,000,[5] equivalent to $2.96million in 2021,[25] over the course of ten years plus six percent annual interest. Amazing! Other Jesuits voiced their anger to the Archbishop of Baltimore, Samuel Eccleston, who conveyed this to Roothaan. Last edited on 25 February 2023, at 03:24, Jesuit Conference of Canada and the United States, abolition of slavery in the United States, Slavery at American colleges and universities, "Where were the Jesuit plantations in Maryland? Today the Society of Jesus, who helped to establish Georgetown University and whose leaders enslaved and mercilessly sold your ancestors, stands before you to say that we have greatly sinned, said Rev. This is the original list of slaves from the Jesuit plantations compiled in preparation for the sale in 1838. Your email address will not be published. [19] At the congregation, the senior Jesuits in Maryland voted six to four to proceed with a sale of the slaves,[20] and Dubuisson submitted to the Superior General a summary of the moral and financial arguments on either side of the debate. Its hard to know what could possibly reconcile a history like this, he said. [72] In 2021, the Jesuit Conference of Canada and the United States pledged to raise $100million for a newly created Descendants Truth and Reconciliation Foundation, which would aim to ultimately raise $1billion, with the purpose of working for the benefit of descendants of all slaves owned by the Jesuits. Jesse Batey died in 1851 and the White Oak Plantation was sold. The university itself owes its existence to this history, said Adam Rothman, a historian at Georgetown and a member of a university working group that is studying ways for the institution to acknowledge and try to make amends for its tangled roots in slavery. As part of an ongoing consideration to this atrocity Georgetown is seeking to rectify their prior actions and, in a speech delivered to descendants of the identified descendants delivered this message: Today the Society of Jesus, who helped to establish Georgetown University and whose leaders enslaved and mercilessly sold your ancestors, stands before you to say that we have greatly sinned, said Rev. To see information on Juneteenth, click here. [31][b] There are several reasons many slaves were left behind. CNN In 1838, the Jesuits who ran Georgetown University sold 272 enslaved people to pay off the university's debts. From the 2016 Washington Ideas Forum. Corneliuss extended family was split, with his aunt Nelly and her daughters shipped to one plantation, and his uncle James and his wife and children sent to another, records show. [67] The university also gave permanent names to the two buildings. [56][62] In 2016, The New York Times published an article that brought the history of the Jesuits' and university's relationship with slavery to national attention.
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