We may think so, but a review of the evidence for and against this statement will show that it does not and reduce how threatening it seems. Hence, we advocate for a multi-dimensional and not a uni-dimensional model. 34. The neuron next moves into a relative refractory period, meaning it can fire but needs higher than normal levels of stimulation. a. psychodynamic b. sociocultural c. humanist-existential d. cognitive-behavioral. 12. How so? The force that is in control in this example is the: The brain stimulation technique that uses an electromagnetic coil placed on or above a person's head to send electrical current into certain areas of the brain is called: The objective of the Human Genome Project was to: Abnormal chemical activity in the body's endocrine system relates to the release of: During a meeting, Shonda's manager asks her to free associate about her coworker's performance. The drug causes severe vomiting if a person drinks alcohol while taking the drug. a. a persons moral compass b. the prefrontal cortex c. a persons libido d. ego defense mechanisms. Integrative behavioral couple therapy helps partners: a. accept behaviors that they cannot change. A theorist who believes that the multicultural perspective is the correct way to think about abnormality comes from which paradigm? It is generally understood that the students who sit in the front of the class are the overachievers and want to earn an A in the class. Food, water, temperature, and sex, for instance, are primary reinforcers, while extreme cold or hot or a punch on the arm are inherently punishing. a. to lessen the power of thoughts b. to stop the client from comparing himself or herself to others c. to decrease internal negative self-talk d. to increase awareness of why the client behaves a certain way. With mindfulness-based therapy techniques, clients would MOST likely be encouraged to: a. focus on setting goals for the future. a. equifinality b. eclectic integration c. multifinality d. timing. b. laissez-faire parenting style. The patient continues but always reaches a point when he/she cannot or will not proceed any further. 76. The _____ model proposes that humans must have an accurate self-awareness and live meaningful lives to be psychologically well adjusted. Overgeneralizing You see a larger pattern of negatives based on one event. Mental illness itself occurs from the interaction of multiple genes and other factorssuch as stress, abuse, or a traumatic eventwhich can influence, or trigger, an illness in a person who has an inherited susceptibility to it (https://www.webmd.com/mental-health/mental-health-causes-mental-illness#1). A man has cheated on his partner and he feels very guilty, but soon he begins to make excuses, saying that his partner has nagged him for years. This action MOST strongly suggests that the _____ is firmly in control of Nikolai. The biopsychosocial model (BPS) was first proposed by George L. Engel and Jon Romano of the University of Rochester in 1977. 126. The events (response and consequence) are linked in time. When a doctor strikes your knee with that little hammer, your leg extends out automatically. Abnormal psychology is a branch of psychology that deals with psychopathology and abnormal behavior, often in a clinical context. Our attribution in these two cases is in error, but still, it comes to affect how we see the world and our subjective well-being. There will be some variability in terms of what symptoms are displayed, but in general, all people with a specific psychopathology have symptoms from that group. According to the cognitive-behavioral model, this is an example of _____ behavior. Social Sciences; Psychology; Psychology questions and answers; which statement about catergorical vs dimensions models of abnormal behavior is true?A categorial models capture the complexity of mental disorders btter than dimensional modelsB Dimensional models better reflect nature/ reality of disorders than categorial onesC Catergorial models capture the severitu of mental disorders while . When we try to establish how abnormality develops, we need to consider how individuals deal with the meaning of life and with the value they find in living. Module 2: Models of Abnormal Psychology by Washington State University is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License, except where otherwise noted. 55. Researchers are only now beginning to tease apart the various biological and psychosocial factors that may impact the mental health of both women and men., https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/women-and-mental-health/index.shtml. d. sociocultural. 52. a. psychodynamic b. cognitive c. humanistic-existential d. behavioral. 107. If you do not believe you do anything right, list evidence of when you did not do something right and then evidence of when you did. b. Any reference to cognitive processes was dismissed as this was not overt, but covert according to Watson and later Skinner. They protect us from anxiety and operate unconsciously by distorting reality. The parasympathetic nervous system calms the body. Once collected or sensed (sensation is the cognitive process of detecting the physical energy given off or emitted by physical objects), the information is sent to the brain through the neural impulse. 67. b. accepting problematic thoughts. The last part of the personality to develop is the superego, which represents societys expectations, moral standards, rules, and represents our conscience. Communication in the Nervous System. d. psychotropic treatment. Understanding a person's unconscious processes is critical in explaining abnormality. Since you dont have time, you decide to study only for the classes in which the teacher provided a study guide. The nervous system. d. unconscious feelings of loss. This situation places considerable stress on an individual and can lead to higher rates of anxiety disorders and depression. 58. c. psychodynamic-gestalt. Examples of secondary punishers include a ticket for speeding, losing television or video game privileges, ridicule, or a fee for paying your rent or credit card bill late. New evidence suggests nerve cell connections, nerve cell growth, and the functioning of nerve circuits have a major impact on depression and areas that play a significant role in depression are the amygdala, the thalamus, and the hippocampus. Also, individuals with borderline personality disorder have been shown to have structural and functional changes in brain areas associated with impulse control and emotional regulation, while imaging studies reveal differences in the frontal cortex and subcortical structures for those suffering from OCD. Abnormal behavior arises when we avoid making choices, do not take responsibility, and fail to actualize our full potential. Likewise, if our action leads to dissatisfaction, then we will not repeat the same behavior in the future. a. quaternary b. secondary c. tertiary d. meta. a. family-social b. multicultural c. psychodynamic d. humanistic-existential, 135. c. neurotransmitters. The use of these drugs has been generally beneficial to patients. Each is unique in its own right and no single model can account for all aspects of abnormality. It handles the CNSs input and output and divides into the somatic and autonomic nervous systems. Psychology Today published a great article on January 21, 2013, which described four ways to change your thinking through cognitive restructuring. Mind Reading Assuming others know what you are thinking without any evidence. ChaeWoo has been participating in weekly therapy for several years. Outside of biological and psychological factors on mental illness, race, ethnicity, gender, religious orientation, socioeconomic status, sexual orientation, etc. The biological model is generally well respected today but suffers a few key issues. This form of learning is called: According to a 2018 report (Prochaska & Norcross), the dominant approach used by clinical psychologists is: If you are being encouraged to see the link between the way you interpret your experiences and the way you feel and to question the accuracy of your interpretations, you are probably receiving: ChaeWoo has been participating in weekly therapy for several years. Antidepressants are used to treat depression, but also anxiety, insomnia, and pain. Abnormality results from the interaction of genetic, emotional, and cultural influences. Neurotransmitters. Simply, she placed the child in one end of a room and then brought in the rabbit. The contents of the unconscious could move from the unconscious to preconscious, but to do so, it had to pass a Gate Keeper. d. psychoanalytic therapy. Soon, the patient begins seeking the therapist's approval for all types of decisions, rather than just making the decisions herself. Females are at higher risk for developing an anxiety disorder than men. Preconditioning. Someone who studies the _____ model of abnormality focuses on how values and choices affect behavior. DNA, or deoxyribonucleic acid, is our heredity material. With which type of schedule would you expect a person to stop responding to immediately if reinforcement is not there? 166. What about other students in the class that you know? The model of abnormality that focuses on unconscious internal processes and conflicts in behavior is the _____ model. 2.2.3.2. A therapist who believes people often hide from their responsibilities and therefore often feel alienated, depressed, and inauthentic would MOST likely be described as: The proper conclusion from research studies that show a relationship between devout religious people who see God as warm and caring and psychological health is that: people who are more devout are also psychologically healthier. Second, observational learning occurs when we learn by observing the world around us. 39. Im here for you. A therapist who would say this as a primary part of the therapy process would MOST probably be following the _____ tradition. If it receives sufficient stimulation, causing the polarity inside the neuron to rise from -70 mV to -55mV (. 120. By seeing the model interact nicely with the fear evoking stimulus, their fear should subside. c. prejudice and discrimination faced by women. This action MOST strongly suggests that the _____ is firmly in control of Nikolai. What are the three parts of personality according to Freud? a. c. people are driven to self-actualize. So, if there are 10 objects/situations in the list, the client will experience ten such pairings and eventually be able to face each without fear. This is in accord with what Freud called: a. reflex. He developed the law of effect thanks to his work with a puzzle box. We see this in the case of reflexes. What is that factor? 81. A man has cheated on his partner and he feels very guilty, but soon he begins to make excuses, saying that his partner has nagged him for years. They all attempt to explain the causes and treatments for all psychological illnesses, and all from a different approach. Which model of abnormality MOST closely aligns with positive psychology? It provides the strength to fight back or to flee (fight-or-flight instinct). Of importance to mental health professionals are the adrenal glands, located on top of the kidneys, and which release cortisol to help the body deal with stress. All of the models include an element of the biological model. When treating religious patients, it is recommended that mental health professionals: encourage clients to use spiritual resources that aid with coping. A self-help group differs from group therapy in that the self-help group: A primary prevention approach is expected to be MOST beneficial for mental health issues with: Which phrase would one be MOST likely to hear in a self-help group? Still, cognitive-behavioral therapies have proven their efficacy for the treatment of OCD (McKay et al., 2015), perinatal depression (Sockol, 2015), insomnia (de Bruin et al., 2015), bulimia nervosa (Poulsen et al., 2014), hypochondriasis (Olatunji et al., 2014), and social anxiety disorder (Leichsenring et al., 2014) to name a few. The nervous system consists of two main parts the central and peripheral nervous systems. This process is called counterconditioning, or the reversal of previous learning. a. How effective is the sociocultural model at explaining psychopathology and its treatment. Possible side effects include loss of appetite, headache, motor or verbal tics, and personality changes such as appearing emotionless. The so-called new wave of cognitive therapy differs from traditional cognitive therapy in that it emphasizes: A goal of behavior-focused therapy is to: replace problematic behaviors with more appropriate ones. In terms of psychological perspectives, Freuds psychodynamic theory; the learning-related research of Watson, Skinner, and Bandura and Rotter; the cognitive model; and the humanistic and existential perspectives were discussed. 69. The child learns to interact with others without yelling. During the time-out, no one interacts with the child. 1. d. One-fourth of all treated couples eventually separate or divorce. d. case studies. The goal is for the client to examine their own feelings and thoughts with openness and acceptance. 106. Therapists who often deliberately frustrate and challenge their clients, and who often use role-playing and a here and now orientation, are _____ therapists. d. early life experiences shape one's later behavior. 2.3.1.5. Social desirability states that sometimes participants do not tell us the truth about what they are thinking, feeling, or doing (or have done) because they do not want us to think less of them or to judge them harshly if they are outside the social norm. 138. The person in the back could also be shy and prefer sitting there so that s/he does not need to chat with others as much. 94. The BEST explanation for this trend is that these theories: A person engages in multiple online discussions with a large number of friends on Facebook. Which of the following is an argument of critics of the evolutionary perspective? Humans are born with freedom, yet do not naturally strive to reach their full growth potential. Gestalt therapy is similar to mindfulness techniques in its emphasis on: Cognitive-behavioral approaches used to treat social anxiety disorder aim to: alter illogical thinking patterns and reduce avoidance behaviors. According to Bandura, all behaviors are learned by observing others, and we model our actions after theirs, so undesirable behaviors can be altered or relearned in the same way. WebMD adds, Experts believe many mental illnesses are linked to abnormalities in many genes rather than just one or a few and that how these genes interact with the environment is unique for every person (even identical twins). According to family systems theory, this family is characterized by: a. enmeshed structure. Which statement is TRUE regarding the models of abnormality? a. c. helping the client gain insight into his or her unconscious desires and needs. 90. Messages moving from neuron to neuron must cross tiny spaces called: Which model of abnormality focuses on learning and the thinking that underlies behavior? Armed with this stunning revelation, Pavlov spent the rest of his career investigating the learning phenomenon. Recall that a neuron is usually at resting potential and polarized. What an individual views as abnormal behavior in public may be the only way to effectively interact with family members. b. b. anxiety disorders. It influences blood pressure, thirst, contractions of the uterus during childbirth, milk production, sexual behavior and interest, body growth, the amount of water in the bodys cells, and other functions as well. There is no firsthand experience by the learner in observational learning, unlike enactive. Humans have several of these reflexes, though not as many as other animals due to our more complicated nervous system. A psychodynamic therapist would consider this an example of: A patient's initial reaction to being told she has a sexually transmitted infection (STI) is to insist that the nurse made a mistake with the test. Which type of psychodynamic therapy encourages therapists to disclose things about themselves? Which would be a part of your paradigm? She felt confined and suffocated in this life and took to a fantasy world she called her private theater. Anna also developed hysteria, including symptoms such as memory loss, paralysis, disturbed eye movements, reduced speech, nausea, and mental deterioration. b. operate in accordance with the reality principle. a. multicultural b. biological c. humanistic d. cognitive-behavioral, 136. Then write a few balanced statements such as the one the article suggests, Ive made some mistakes that I feel embarrassed about, but a lot of the time, I make good choices.. As a result, he developed a positive and generous attitude toward the world. a. humanistic therapy. More specifically, cognitive distortions/maladaptive cognitions can take the following forms: 2.3.3.5. c. illogical thinking. His name is Based on related research, we would expect this person to have a _____ number of offline friends and to _____ share information with them. The critical thing to understand here is that there is a belief in the realm of mental health that chemical imbalances are responsible for many mental disorders. Which of the following is NOT a weakness of the biological model of abnormal behavior? b. encourage clients to use spiritual resources that aid with coping. b. d. understand how beliefs and values are related to behaviors. Which statement is TRUE regarding the models of abnormality? Critics of the behavioral perspective point out that it oversimplifies behavior and often ignores inner determinants of behavior. So the dog now reliably salivates at the sound of the bell because he expects that food will follow, and it does. b. exposure therapy. c. phallic stage. In contrast, Thanatos, our death instinct, is either directed inward as in the case of suicide and masochism or outward via hatred and aggression. Transcribed image text: model Curl Rogers and Abraham Maslow focused on the psychological roots of abnormal behavior and the need of human for velf acceptance. Her therapy is MOST likely: a. gestalt therapy. A person has a recurring dream of losing her dog. a. A psychologist believes that all dysfunctional behavior is due to past experiences, and that no symptom or behavior is accidental. 2.3.1.3. Hence, we advocate for a multi-dimensional and not a uni-dimensional model. Which of the following exemplify secondary prevention? The fundamental unit of the nervous system is the neuron, or nerve cell (See Figure 2.3). b. social factors leading to stress. c. consciousness, unconsciousness, and instincts. Examine the evidence both for and against your thought. c. cognitive-behavioral The ego attempts to mediate the desires of the id against the demands of reality, and eventually, the moral limitations or guidelines of the superego. They might go through reuptake, which is the process of the presynaptic neuron taking up excess neurotransmitters in the synaptic space for future use or enzymatic degradation when enzymes destroy excess neurotransmitters in the synaptic space. Anne has distant parents, failing grades, and insufficient funds for basic necessities and also develops depression. b. drugs cannot be combined with other forms of treatment. 2.2.1.3. Like schemas, the attributions we make can lead us astray. Robin struggles to make decisions about romantic partners, jobs, and even what to wear. You might say neurotransmitters are part of a lock-and-key system. _____ theory focuses on observable and conscious behaviors, whereas _____ theory focuses on unconscious processes. b. exposure therapy. Considered the follow-up to Watson and Rayner (1920), Jones (1924; Figure 2.7) wanted to see if a child who learned to be afraid of white rabbits (Panel B) could be conditioned to become unafraid of them. b. hypotheses. Second, we must remember what a model does to imitate it. d. special external pressures faced by members of a culture. Briefly, these included: The article also suggested a few non-cognitive restructuring techniques, including mindfulness meditation and self-compassion. 108. d. researching the effectiveness of the therapy. a. focused primarily on unconscious thoughts, instincts, and conflict. Boys are more likely to be diagnosed with Autism Spectrum Disorder. Similarly, the overproduction of the hormone melatonin can lead to SAD. They are only a problem when they reach consciousness. c. Existentialists believe that research dehumanizes individuals by reducing them to test measures. Outline the structure of personality and how it develops over time. Figure 2.8. 2.3.3.1. The six models of abnormality are biological, psychodynamic, cognitive-behavioral, humanistic-existential, sociocultural, and developmental psychopathology perspective. Neural transmission. Also, many treatment techniques have been developed and proven to be effective over the years. The model of abnormality that examines the effects of society and culture is the _____ model. b. support the ideas of positive psychology. d. the adverse effects of drugs will result in worse quality of life than the abnormality brings. The axon terminals are the end of the axon where the electrical impulse becomes a chemical message and passes to an adjacent neuron. See Figure 2.4 below. d. caution the patient against using religious-based counseling services. Some commonly used strategies include cognitive restructuring, cognitive coping skills training, and acceptance techniques. also play a role, and this is the basis of the sociocultural model. Most report that their symptoms decline, leading them to feel better and improve their functioning. Consider hunger, and the associated rumbling of our stomach, fatigue, lack of energy, etc., that motivates us to find and eat food. An important factor to consider when prescribing drugs for the treatment of abnormality would be that: some people do not benefit from drug treatments. a. behavior-focused Track the accuracy of the thought. Both groups were frustrated when deprived of the coveted toy. Most people who receive couple therapy report no real improvement in their functioning. The processes described in this model occur at an unconscious level. The next morning, researchers placed a hungry cat in the puzzle box and set a small amount of food outside the box, just close enough to be smelled. Models aid us with doing all of this. Someone who studies the _____ model of abnormality focuses on how values and choices affect behavior. d. reality principle. Postconditioning. The information is received by brain structures (central nervous system) and perception occurs. 62. 160. Males have X and Y chromosomes while females have two Xs. Least difficult situations are handled first, followed by more difficult situations, all while rehearsing and mastering all the situations present in the hierarchy. 53. b. classic Freudian psychotherapy. 49. For operant conditioning, this means that if I make a behavior, then a specific consequence will follow. d. the ways in which women express their femininity. b. The paradigms are sometimes in conflict. c. A boy is internally motivated to put forth his best effort on his science project. This is called the. The patient might change the subject, stop talking, or lose his/her train of thought. d. the way in which the mental health profession is moving. a. sharing advice b. analyzing dreams c. developing insights d. building social skills. a. behavioral b. sociocultural c. psychodynamic d. humanistic-existential, 6. b. ego. Treatments related to the biological model include drugs, ECT, and psychosurgery. It consists of sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems. In time, the cause of the persons psychopathology is due to all these individual factors. You are doing your best. 30. This thought is an example of: a. depression. That is why a person inherits a susceptibility to a mental illness and doesnt necessarily develop the illness. They add, Oftentimes someone being treated with CBT will have homework in between sessions where they practice replacing negative thoughts with more realistic thoughts based on prior experiences or record their negative thoughts in a journal. For more on CBT, visit: https://www.nami.org/About-Mental-Illness/Treatments/Psychotherapy. Psychodynamic techniques. Resistance and transference are terms most likely used by which model? The following Content Outline provides an overview of the history of understanding psychological disorders, followed by a summary of the major theoretical models used to explain them. Obviously then, with partial, a response continues being made for a while. Which example BEST describes conditions of worth? The so-called new wave of cognitive therapy differs from traditional cognitive therapy in that it emphasizes: a. challenging irrational cognitions. The goal of therapy is to wean patients from their childlike dependency on the therapist. d. behavioral. Proponents of the biological model view mental illness as being a result of a malfunction in the body to include issues with brain anatomy or chemistry. This is called the, Step 5 After a short time, the neuron can fire again, but needs greater than normal levels of stimulation to do so. d. synapses. This response does not need to be learned and shows the relationship between an unconditioned stimulus (UCS) yielding an unconditioned response (UCR). What exactly are some of the neurotransmitters which are so critical for neural transmission, and are essential to our discussion of psychopathology? Regret orientation Focusing on what you could have done better in the past rather than on improving now. However, one afternoon I was bitten on the foot by something in the water. d. synapses. Rates of eating disorders are higher among women than men, though both genders are affected. Humans are born with freedom, yet do not 'naturally' strive to reach their full growth potential. c. emphasizes the importance of having a positive outlook. In order to prevent anxiety in the future, it is common practice to expose someone to stressful situations. 91. The structure of personality. Malnutrition before birth, exposure to viruses, and other psychosocial factors are potential causes of schizophrenia. Therefore, there is no such thing as abnormal behavior. d. A child often deliberately (consciously) adopts so-called abnormal behaviors when interacting with the family unit as a way to maintaining homeostasis.. Release of neurotransmitters is stopped. According to Freud, consciousness had three levels (consciousness, preconscious, and the unconscious), personality had three parts (the id, ego, and superego), personality developed over five stages (oral, anal, phallic, latency, and genital), there are ten defense mechanisms to protect the ego such as repression and sublimation, and finally three assessment techniques (free association, transference, and dream analysis) could be used to understand the personalities of his patients and expose repressed material. Dogs do not enter the world knowing to respond to the ringing of a bell (which it hears). The part of the personality that guides us to know when we can and cannot express our impulses is the: a. id. The defense mechanism that BEST explains this behavior is: Nikolai's grandmother has just baked cookies and is placing them on a cooling rack. The central nervous system (CNS) is the control center for the nervous system, which receives, processes, interprets, and stores incoming sensory information. The psychologist credited with paving the way for psychologists to practice psychotherapy is: The psychologist who is said to have made it possible for psychologists to do psychotherapy is called "the pioneer." On later trials, the rat was presented (NS) and followed closely by a loud sound (UCS; Panel B). David Rosenhan sent pseudopatients to a mental hospital, where they pretended to be disturbed. Freuds psychodynamic theory made a lasting impact on the field of psychology but also has been criticized heavily. Is this correct? The biological treatment known as psychosurgery would MOST likely be used in the treatment of a patient with: a. a severe disorder that is also associated with a high risk of suicide. A therapist listens carefully to a client's words and then attempts to show accurate empathy and genuineness. c. drugs are not very effective in the treatment of abnormal behavior. c. sociocultural. It has several structures in common with all cells in the body. b. is not led by a professional clinician. The objective of the Human Genome Project was to: a. clone a mammal. They include hunger, thirst, self-preservation, and sex. For social skills training, identify the appropriate social behavior such as making eye contact, saying no to a request, or starting up a conversation with a stranger and determine whether the client is inhibited from making this behavior due to anxiety. To truly understand brain structure and chemistry, it is a good idea to understand how communication occurs within the nervous system.